python - Numpy: How to check for tuples existence in ndarray

Question

I found a strange behavior when working with tuples in numpy arrays. I want to get a table of booleans telling me which tuples in array a also exist in array b. Normally, I would use any of in, in1d. None of them work while tuple(a[1]) == b[1,1] yields True.

I fill my a and b like this:

a = numpy.array([(0,0)(1,1)(2,2)], dtype=tuple)

b = numpy.zeros((3,3), dtype=tuple)
for i in range(0,3):
    for j in range(0,3):
        b[i,j] = (i,j)

Can anyone tell me a solution to my problem and please enlighten me why this does not work as expected?

(Using python2.7 and numpy1.6.2 over here btw.)

Answer 1

Why this doesn't work

The short version is that numpy's implementation of array.__contains__() seems to be broken. The in operator in python calls __contains__() behind the scenes.

Meaning that a in b is equivalent to b.__contains__(a).

I've loaded up your arrays in a REPL and try the following:

>>> b[:,0]
array([(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)], dtype=object)
>>> (0,0) in b[:,0] # we expect it to be true
False
>>> (0,0) in list(b[:,0]) # this shouldn't be different from the above but it is
True
>>> 

How to fix it

I don't see how your list comprehension could work since a[x] is a tuple and b[:,:] is a 2D matrix so of course they're not equal. But I'm assuming you meant to use in instead of ==. Do correct me if I'm wrong here and you meant something different that I'm just not seeing.

The first step is to convert b from a 2D array to a 1D array so we can sift through it linearly and convert it to a list to avoid numpy's broken array.__contains() like so:

bb = list(b.reshape(b.size))

Or, better yet, make it a set since tuples are immutable and checking for in in a set is O(1) instead of the list's O(n) behavior

>>> bb = set(b.reshape(b.size))
>>> print bb
set([(0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 0), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 0), (2, 2), (1, 0), (0, 2)])
>>> 

Next we simply use the list comprehension to derive the table of booleans

>>> truth_table = [tuple(aa) in bb for aa in a]
>>> print truth_table
[True, True, True]
>>> 

Full code:

def contained(a,b):
    bb = set(b.flatten())
    return [tuple(aa) in bb for aa in a]