Yes the majority of the Adapters support SSO Affiliate applications or Use Single Sign-On for User Name credentials, however none of them support SSO Affiliate for ACS, SAS or for Proxy settings (see table below)
It seems the ones that don't support SSO Affiliate settings for the User Name credential are either the very old adapters, and strangely enough the newest ones.
Not having the SSO Affiliate settings for ACS, SAS or Proxy settings would look to be something they just didn't think about doing.
So to answer your question. No, it does not look to be possible to use SSO Affiliate with this adapter as you don't even have the option of adding a custom behavior as you can do with the WCF adapters, which is how we implemented a oAuth behavior to use SSO Affiliates to get the credentials & secrets for a WCF-WebHttp to Salesforce.
See also BizTalk Server 2013 R2: Adapters without Single Sign-On Capability and BizTalk Server 2013 R2: Adapters without Single Sign-On Capability on Technet
Use Single Sign-On or SSO Affiliate (BizTalk 2013R2)
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| Adapter | Receive | | | | | Send | | | |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| | Use | SSO | ACS/ | Proxy | Endpoint | SSO | ACS/ | Proxy | Endpoint |
| | SSO | Affiliate | SAS | | Behaviour | Affiliate | SAS | | Behaviour |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| File | No | No | - | - | - | No | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| FTP | No | Yes | - | No | - | Yes | - | No | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| HTTP | Yes | - | - | - | - | Yes | - | No | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| MQSeries | No | - | - | - | - | Yes | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| MSMQ | No | No | - | - | - | No | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| POP3 | No | No | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| SB-Messaging | No | - | No | - | - | - | No | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| SFTP | No | No | - | No | - | No | - | No | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| SMTP | - | - | - | - | - | No | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| SOAP | Yes | - | - | - | - | Yes | - | No | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| SQL | No | No | - | - | - | No | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-BasicHttp | Yes | - | - | - | in WCF-Custom | Yes | No | No | in WCF-Custom |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-BasicHttpRelay | No | - | No | - | No | Yes | No | No | No |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-Custom | Yes | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-CustomIsolated | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-NetMsmq | - | - | - | - | in WCF-Custom | Yes | - | - | in WCF-Custom |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-NetNamedPipe | Yes | - | - | - | in WCF-Custom | - | - | - | in WCF-Custom |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-NetTcp | Yes | - | - | - | in WCF-Custom | Yes | - | - | in WCF-Custom |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-NetTcpRelay | No | - | No | - | - | Yes | No | - | No |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-OracleDB | Yes | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | - | No | Yes |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-OracleEBS | Yes | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | - | No | Yes |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-SQL | Yes | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | - | No | Yes |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-WebHttp | Yes | - | - | - | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| WCF-WSHttp | Yes | - | - | - | in WCF-Custom | Yes | No | No | in WCF-Custom |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
| Windows | No | No | - | - | - | No | - | - | - |
| Sharepoint Server | | | | | | | | | |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
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