Is it a fair assumption that in v8 implementation retrieval / lookup is O(1)?
(I know that the standard doesn't guarantee that)
Yes. V8 uses a variant of hash tables that generally have O(1) complexity for these operations.
O(1)
For details, you might want to have a look at https://codereview.chromium.org/220293002/ where OrderedHashTable is implemented based on https://wiki.mozilla.org/User:Jorend/Deterministic_hash_tables.
OrderedHashTable
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