If Android app A sets up a BLE GATT server, can Android app B (on the same device) discover and connect to that GATT server as a client?
No this shouldn't be possible because Bluetooth doesn't allow a device to connect to itself. I can't find in the spec where it specifically states this, but I have tried to do this using different Bluetooth stacks in the past and I wasn't able to.
Some information is provided here:-
Loopback in Android Bluetooth
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