I think here is what you want to do :
SET startdatevar AS DATEtime = '2020-01-10'
;WITH RECURSIVE cte AS (
SELECT startdatevar AS startdate , DATEADD(QUARTER, 1 , startdatevar) enddate , 1 quarter
UNION ALL
SELECT enddate , CASE WHEN DATEADD(QUARTER, 1 , enddate) > CURRENT_DATE() THEN GETDATE() ELSE DATEADD(QUARTER, 1 , enddate) END enddate, quarter + 1
FROM cte
WHERE
cte.enddate <= CURRENT_DATE()
and quarter < 4
)
SELECT * FROM cte
to use your code , if you want to have more than 4 quarters :
SET quarter_limit = DATEDIFF(quarter , <startdate>,<enddate>)
;WITH RECURSIVE cte(q, qDate,enddate) as
(
select 1,
DATEFROMPARTS(year('2012-01-01'::date), 1, 1) -- First quarter date
,time_slice('2012-01-01'::date, 3, 'MONTH', 'END')
UNION ALL
select q+1,
DATEADD(q, 1, qdate) -- next quarter start date
,time_slice(qdate::date, (q+1)*3, 'MONTH', 'END')
from cte
where q < quarter_limit -- limiting the number of next quarters
AND cte.endDate <= <enddate>
)
SELECT * FROM cte
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