covariance - In scala, how could a covariant type parameter be an upper bound of an abstract type, but not another invariant type parameter?

Question

The following code demonstrates it clearly:

trait Poly1Group[-IUB, +OUB] {

  trait Case[-I <: IUB] {

    type Out <: OUB // <------------------------------- success

    def apply(v: I): Out

  }

  trait ==>[
      -I <: IUB,
      O <: OUB //<------------------------------------- fail
  ] extends Case[I] {

    final type Out = O
  }

  def apply[I <: IUB](v: I)(implicit ev: Case[I]): ev.Out = ev(v)
}

It should be noted that both Out and O are invariant, so they should impose no constraint on the variance of OUB. Yet one succeed and one fails:

[Error] .../Poly1Group.scala:16: covariant type OUB occurs in contravariant position in type  <: OUB of type O
one error found

How could it be possible?

question from:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65944627/in-scala-how-could-a-covariant-type-parameter-be-an-upper-bound-of-an-abstract

Answer 1

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