I was installing a binary Linux application on Ubuntu 9.10 x86_64. The app shipped with an old version of gzip (1.2.4), that was compiled for a much older kernel:
$ file gzip
gzip: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.0.0, stripped
I wasn't able to execute this program. If I tried, this happened:
$ ./gzip
-bash: ./gzip: No such file or directory
ldd was similarly unhappy with this binary:
$ ldd gzip
not a dynamic executable
I'm curious: What's the most likely source of this problem? A corrupted file? Or a binary incompatibility due to being built for a much older {kernel,libc,...}?
Per nos's suggestsions, here's the output of strace ./gzip:
execve("./gzip", ["./gzip"], [/* 24 vars */]) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
dup(2) = 3
fcntl(3, F_GETFL) = 0x8002 (flags O_RDWR|O_LARGEFILE)
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 10), ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fa8c9eee000
lseek(3, 0, SEEK_CUR) = -1 ESPIPE (Illegal seek)
write(3, "strace: exec: No such file or di"..., 40strace: exec: No such file or directory
) = 40
close(3) = 0
munmap(0x7fa8c9eee000, 4096) = 0
exit_group(1) = ?
Here's the output of readelf -a ./gzip:
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: Intel 80386
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x8048d20
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 46852 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 6
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 26
Section header string table index: 25
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 080480f4 0000f4 000013 00 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 08048108 000108 000020 00 A 0 0 4
[ 3] .hash HASH 08048128 000128 000178 04 A 4 0 4
[ 4] .dynsym DYNSYM 080482a0 0002a0 000370 10 A 5 1 4
[ 5] .dynstr STRTAB 08048610 000610 0001ee 00 A 0 0 1
[ 6] .gnu.version VERSYM 080487fe 0007fe 00006e 02 A 4 0 2
[ 7] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 0804886c 00086c 000030 00 A 5 1 4
[ 8] .rel.got REL 0804889c 00089c 000008 08 A 4 20 4
[ 9] .rel.bss REL 080488a4 0008a4 000030 08 A 4 22 4
[10] .rel.plt REL 080488d4 0008d4 000158 08 A 4 12 4
[11] .init PROGBITS 08048a2c 000a2c 00002f 00 AX 0 0 4
[12] .plt PROGBITS 08048a5c 000a5c 0002c0 04 AX 0 0 4
[13] .text PROGBITS 08048d20 000d20 007f4c 00 AX 0 0 16
[14] .fini PROGBITS 08050c6c 008c6c 00001a 00 AX 0 0 4
[15] .rodata PROGBITS 08050ca0 008ca0 001751 00 A 0 0 32
[16] .data PROGBITS 08053400 00a400 000ab4 00 WA 0 0 32
[17] .eh_frame PROGBITS 08053eb4 00aeb4 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[18] .ctors PROGBITS 08053eb8 00aeb8 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[19] .dtors PROGBITS 08053ec0 00aec0 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[20] .got PROGBITS 08053ec8 00aec8 0000bc 04 WA 0 0 4
[21] .dynamic DYNAMIC 08053f84 00af84 0000a0 08 WA 5 0 4
[22] .bss NOBITS 08054040 00b040 050630 00 WA 0 0 32
[23] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 00b040 000487 00 0 0 1
[24] .note NOTE 00000487 00b4c7 00017c 00 0 0 1
[25] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 00b643 0000be 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
There are no section groups in this file.
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align
PHDR 0x000034 0x08048034 0x08048034 0x000c0 0x000c0 R E 0x4
INTERP 0x0000f4 0x080480f4 0x080480f4 0x00013 0x00013 R 0x1
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]
LOAD 0x000000 0x08048000 0x08048000 0x0a3f1 0x0a3f1 R E 0x1000
LOAD 0x00a400 0x08053400 0x08053400 0x00c24 0x51270 RW 0x1000
DYNAMIC 0x00af84 0x08053f84 0x08053f84 0x000a0 0x000a0 RW 0x4
NOTE 0x000108 0x08048108 0x08048108 0x00020 0x00020 R 0x4
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00
01 .interp
02 .interp .note.ABI-tag .hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rel.got .rel.bss .rel.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata
03 .data .eh_frame .ctors .dtors .got .dynamic .bss
04 .dynamic
05 .note.ABI-tag
Dynamic section at offset 0xaf84 contains 20 entries:
Tag Type Name/Value
0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6]
0x0000000c (INIT) 0x8048a2c
0x0000000d (FINI) 0x8050c6c
0x00000004 (HASH) 0x8048128
0x00000005 (STRTAB) 0x8048610
0x00000006 (SYMTAB) 0x80482a0
0x0000000a (STRSZ) 474 (bytes)
0x0000000b (SYMENT) 16 (bytes)
0x00000015 (DEBUG) 0x0
0x00000003 (PLTGOT) 0x8053ec8
0x00000002 (PLTRELSZ) 344 (bytes)
0x00000014 (PLTREL) REL
0x00000017 (JMPREL) 0x80488d4
0x00000011 (REL) 0x804889c
0x00000012 (RELSZ) 56 (bytes)
0x00000013 (RELENT) 8 (bytes)
0x6ffffffe (VERNEED) 0x804886c
0x6fffffff (VERNEEDNUM) 1
0x6ffffff0 (VERSYM) 0x80487fe
0x00000000 (NULL) 0x0
Relocation section '.rel.got' at offset 0x89c contains 1 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name
08053f80 00000106 R_386_GLOB_DAT 00000000 __gmon_start__
Relocation section '.rel.bss' at offset 0x8a4 contains 6 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name
08054040 00000505 R_386_COPY 08054040 stdout
08054044 00002705 R_386_COPY 08054044 stderr
08054048 00000805 R_386_COPY 08054048 __ctype_b
0805404c 00001f05 R_386_COPY 0805404c stdin
08054050 00001005 R_386_COPY 08054050 optarg
08054054 00001e05 R_386_COPY 08054054 optind
Relocation section '.rel.plt' at offset 0x8d4 contains 43 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name
08053ed4 00000307 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a6c chown
08053ed8 00003407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a7c __register_frame_info
08053edc 00001907 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a8c write
08053ee0 00002e07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a9c fileno
08053ee4 00002607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048aac strcmp
08053ee8 00003507 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048abc close
08053eec 00000d07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048acc perror
08053ef0 00001a07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048adc fprintf
08053ef4 00000907 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048aec getenv
08053ef8 00002007 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048afc signal
08053efc 00001207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b0c fflush
08053f00 00002407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b1c unlink
08053f04 00002a07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b2c __errno_location
08053f08 00001407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b3c chmod
08053f0c 00000e07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b4c malloc
08053f10 00001d07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b5c __deregister_frame_inf
08053f14 00002907 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b6c __xstat
08053f18 00000b07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b7c fgets
08053f1c 00002c07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b8c __fxstat
08053f20 00001507 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b9c __lxstat
08053f24 00000a07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bac __strtol_internal
08053f28 00002207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bbc strncmp
08053f2c 00003007 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bcc __libc_start_main
08053f30 00001c07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bdc strcat
08053f34 00000407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bec printf
08053f38 00001307 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bfc lseek
08053f3c 00000c07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c0c memcpy
08053f40 00001607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c1c strrchr
08053f44 00001b07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c2c ctime
08053f48 00000707 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c3c getopt_long
08053f4c 00003207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c4c closedir
08053f50 00002507 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c5c opendir
08053f54 00003107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c6c open
08053f58 00002b07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c7c exit
08053f5c 00001807 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c8c calloc
08053f60 00002d07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c9c _IO_putc
08053f64 00003607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cac free
08053f68 00000607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cbc utime
08053f6c 00000f07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048ccc isatty
08053f70 00002307 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cdc strncpy
08053f74 00001107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cec readdir
08053f78 00002107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cfc read
08053f7c 00000207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048d0c strcpy
There are no unwind sections in this file.
Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 55 entries:
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
0: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND
1: 00000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__
2: 08048d0c 34 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strcpy@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
3: 08048a6c 136 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND chown@GLIBC_2.1 (2)
4: 08048bec 41 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND printf@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
5: 08054040 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 stdout@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
6: 08048cbc 59 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND utime@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
7: 08048c3c 43 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND getopt_long@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
8: 08054048 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 __ctype_b@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
9: 08048aec 224 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND getenv@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
10: 08048bac 1106 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __strtol_internal@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
11: 08048b7c 202 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND fgets@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
12: 08048c0c 62 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND memcpy@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
13: 08048acc 111 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND perror@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
14: 08048b4c 338 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND malloc@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
15: 08048ccc 46 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND isatty@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
16: 08054050 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 optarg@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
17: 08048cec 142 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND readdir@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
18: 08048b0c 152 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND fflush@GLIBC_2.0 (3)
