c - undefined reference when calling inline function

Question

I am getting a really odd error from GCC 4.8.1 with inline functions.

I have two near-identical inline functions defined in header files (debug.h and error.h) in src/include/, with the only difference being what they print - one prefixes DEBUG: to the message, and the other %s: error: %s (program name, error message). When defining the functions both inline, and compiling a debug build (so it sets the macro DEBUG=1), I get lots of undefined reference errors:

src/main_debug.o
  gcc -osrc/main_debug.o src/main.c -c -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g -DCC=""gcc"" -DCFLAGS=""-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g"" -DDEBUG=1 -DBTCWATCH_VERSION=""0.0.1""

src/lib/btcapi_debug.o
  gcc -osrc/lib/btcapi_debug.o src/lib/btcapi.c -c -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g -DCC=""gcc"" -DCFLAGS=""-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g"" -DDEBUG=1

src/lib/libbtcapi_debug.a
  ar rc src/lib/libbtcapi_debug.a src/lib/btcapi_debug.o
  ranlib src/lib/libbtcapi_debug.a

src/lib/cmdlineutils_debug.o
  gcc -o src/lib/cmdlineutils_debug.o src/lib/cmdlineutils.c -c -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g -DCC=""gcc"" -DCFLAGS=""-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g"" -DDEBUG=1

src/lib/libcmdlineutils_debug.a
  ar rc src/lib/libcmdlineutils_debug.a src/lib/cmdlineutils_debug.o
  ranlib src/lib/libcmdlineutils_debug.a

debug
  gcc -obtcwatch-debug src/main_debug.o -Lsrc/lib/ -lbtcapi_debug -lcmdlineutils_debug -lcurl  -ljansson 
src/main_debug.o: In function `main':
/home/marcoms/btcwatch/src/main.c:148: undefined reference to `debug'
src/main_debug.o:/home/marcoms/btcwatch/src/main.c:185: more undefined references to `debug' follow
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [debug] Error 1

But changing debug()'s definition to static inline removes the errors. But I have never received any errors from error()'s definition, although its defenition is inline, and not static inline.

The definitions are all in headers (i.e. not prototyped)

Answer 1

According to the manual, passing -std=gnu11 enables C99 instead of GNU inline semantics.

This means inline, static inline and extern inline all behave differently. In particular, inline expects an external definition in a separate translation unit (which you can provide without duplicating the definition - see this answer).