iphone - What is objc_setAssociatedObject() and in what cases should it be used?

Question

In a project I have taken on, the original author has opted to use objc_setAssociatedObject() and I'm not 100% clear what it does or why they decided to use it.

I decided to look it up and, unfortunately, the docs aren't very descriptive about its purpose.

objc_setAssociatedObject
Sets an associated value for a given object using a given key and association policy.
void objc_setAssociatedObject(id object, void *key, id value, objc_AssociationPolicy policy)
Parameters
object
The source object for the association.
key
The key for the association.
value
The value to associate with the key key for object. Pass nil to clear an existing association.
policy
The policy for the association. For possible values, see “Associative Object Behaviors.”

So what exactly does this function do and in what cases should it be used?

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Edit after reading answers

So what is the point in the following code?

Device *device = [self.list objectAtIndex:[indexPath row]];
DeviceViewController *next = [[DeviceViewController alloc] initWithController:self.controller
                                                                            device:device
                                                                               item:self.rootVC.selectedItem];  
    objc_setAssociatedObject(device, &kDeviceControllerKey, next, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);

What is the point in associating the device with the view controller if it's already an instance variable?

Answer 1

objc_setAssociatedObject adds a key value store to each Objective-C object. It lets you store additional state for the object, not reflected in its instance variables.

It's really convenient when you want to store things belonging to an object outside of the main implementation. One of the main use cases is in categories where you cannot add instance variables. Here you use objc_setAssociatedObject to attach your additional variables to the self object.

When using the right association policy your objects will be released when the main object is deallocated.