c++ - Hash function for a string

Question

We are currently dealing with hash function in my class. Our instructor asked us to a hash function on the internet to compare to the two we have used in our code.

The first one:

int HashTable::hash (string word)   
// POST: the index of entry is returned
{       int sum = 0;
        for (int k = 0; k < word.length(); k++)
            sum = sum + int(word[k]);
        return  sum % SIZE; 
}

Second:

int HashTable::hash (string word)
{
   int seed = 131; 
   unsigned long hash = 0;
   for(int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++)
   {
      hash = (hash * seed) + word[i];
   }
   return hash % SIZE;
}

Where SIZE is 501 (The size of the hash table) and the input is coming from a text file of 20,000+ words.

I saw this question with a few code examples but wasn't exactly sure what to be looking for in a hash function. If I understand correctly, in my case, a hash takes an input (string) and does a math calculation to assign the string a number and inserts it in a table. This process is done to increase the speed of searching the list?

If my logic is sound, does anyone have a good example or a resource showing a different hash function that involves a string? Or even the process of writing my own efficient hash function.

Answer 1

First, it usually does not matter that much in practice. Most hash functions are "good enough".

But if you really care, you should know that it is a research subject by itself. There are thousand of papers about that. You can still get a PhD today by studying & designing hashing algorithms.

Your second hash function might be slightly better, because it probably should separate the string "ab" from the string "ba". On the other hand, it is probably less quick than the first hash function. It may, or may not, be relevant for your application.

I'll guess that hash functions used for genome strings are quite different than those used to hash family names in telephone databases. Perhaps even some string hash functions are better suited for German, than for English or French words.

Many software libraries give you good enough hash functions, e.g. Qt has qhash, and C++11 has std::hash in <functional>, Glib has several hash functions in C, and POCO has some hash function.

I quite often have hashing functions involving primes (see Bézout's identity) and xor, like e.g.

#define A 54059 /* a prime */
#define B 76963 /* another prime */
#define C 86969 /* yet another prime */
#define FIRSTH 37 /* also prime */
unsigned hash_str(const char* s)
{
   unsigned h = FIRSTH;
   while (*s) {
     h = (h * A) ^ (s[0] * B);
     s++;
   }
   return h; // or return h % C;
}

But I don't claim to be an hash expert. Of course, the values of A, B, C, FIRSTH should preferably be primes, but you could have chosen other prime numbers.

Look at some MD5 implementation to get a feeling of what hash functions can be.

Most good books on algorithmics have at least a whole chapter dedicated to hashing. Start with wikipages on hash function & hash table.