c++11 - What exactly is an R-Value in C++?

Question

Could someone explain, or point me to some sort of explanation, of what R-Value is? I'm not really sure what it is, and my project has to incorporate it. Here is a demonstration of what R-Value is(First part is the r_string.hpp):

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

template <typename CHAR_T = char>

class basic_rstring {
public:
    typedef CHAR_T  value_type;
    typedef CHAR_T* pointer_type;
    typedef CHAR_T const*   pointer_const_type;
private:
    pointer_type    _data;
    std::size_t     _length;
public:
    basic_rstring() : _data(nullptr), _length(0) 
    {
        std::cout << "Default ctor
";
    }

    basic_rstring( pointer_const_type s ) 
        : _data( nullptr )
        , _length( 0 )
    {
        std::cout << "Literal ctor: " << s << std::endl;
        _length = strlen( s );
        _data = new value_type[ _length + 1 ];
        std::copy( s, s + _length + 1, _data );
    }

    basic_rstring( basic_rstring const& s )     
        : _data( nullptr )
        , _length( s._length )
    {
        std::cout << "Copy ctor: " << s.c_str() << std::endl;
        _data = new value_type [ _length + 1 ];
        std::copy( s._data, s._data + s._length + 1, _data );
    }

    basic_rstring( basic_rstring && s )     //move constructor
        : _data( s._data )
        , _length( s._length )
    {
        std::cout << "Move ctor: " << s.c_str() << std::endl;
        s._data = nullptr;
        s._length = 0;
    }

    ~basic_rstring()
    {
        if( _data )
            std::cout << "dtor: " << _data << "
";
        else 
            std::cout << "NULL dtor
";
        delete [] _data;
    }

    basic_rstring& operator = ( basic_rstring const& s );
    basic_rstring& operator = ( basic_rstring && s )
    {
        std::cout << "RValue assignment: " << s.c_str();
        if( _data )
            std::cout << " deleting...." << std::endl;
        else 
            std::cout << " no delete..." << std::endl;
        delete [] _data;
        _data = s._data;
        s._data = nullptr;
        _length = s._length;
        s._length = 0;
        return *this;
    }

    pointer_const_type c_str() const { return _data; }

};

template <typename CHAR_T>
basic_rstring<CHAR_T>& basic_rstring<CHAR_T>::operator = ( basic_rstring const& s )
{
    std::cout << "Copy assignment: " << s.c_str() << std::endl;
    pointer_type newData = new value_type [ s._length + 1 ];
    std::copy( s._data, s._data + s._length + 1, newData );
    _length = s._length;
    delete [] _data;
    _data = newData;
    return *this;
}

typedef basic_rstring<char> String;
typedef basic_rstring<wchar_t> wString;


#define _SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include "Rstring.hpp"
using namespace std;
#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE move_test
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>

template <typename T_>
void old_swap( T_& a, T_&b ) 
{
    T_ hold = a;
    a = b;
    b = hold;
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( stuff )
{
    String s("Bert");
    String t("Ernie");
    cout << "Old swap" << endl;
    old_swap(s,t);
    BOOST_CHECK( !strcmp( "Bert", t.c_str() ) );
    BOOST_CHECK( !strcmp( "Ernie", s.c_str() ) );

    cout << "New swap" << endl;
    swap(s,t);
    BOOST_CHECK( !strcmp( "Bert", s.c_str() ) );
    BOOST_CHECK( !strcmp( "Ernie", t.c_str() ) );

    cout << "
Done." << endl;

}

Answer 1

"Could someone explain, or point me to some sort of explanation, of what R-Value is? I'm not really sure what it is"

The term lvalue originally referred to an expression that could be the left hand side of an assignment. Correspondingly, an rvalue (although as I recall that term was not used by the C89 standard), was originally just the opposite: an expression that could not be the left hand side of an assignment, but that could only be the right hand side.

C++11 complicated this by adding several more nuanced terms, but let's concentrate on the C++03 meanings.

For example, if you have

int x;

then the assignment x = 42 is OK, so x is an lvalue expression.

As a counter-example, the assigment x+0 = 42 is not OK, so x+0 is an rvalue expression.

And so is the expression 2+2, it's an rvalue expression.

So, if the requirement is that your program should include an rvalue, then just write 2+2 or e.g. (more advanced) 6*7, in main.

Original C didn't have const. In C++, with const, you have to disregard the const for the purpose of designating an expression as lvalue or rvalue. The critical point is then whether the expression guaranteed refers to an object in memory, an object with an address: if so, then the expression is an lvalue.

A reference type implies lvalue, because an expression of reference type is necessarily referring to an object with a memory address, i.e. that expression is an lvalue.

However, other than references there's no connection between type and lvalue/rvalue. For example, both x and x+0 are expressions of type int, and they yield the same int value. But the former is an lvalue expression, while the latter is an rvalue expression.

As a general rule, if you can apply the built-in address operator, then it's an lvalue expression, and otherwise it's an rvalue expression.