memory - C++ struct alignment question

Question

I have a predefined struct (actually several) where variables span across 32-bit word boundary. In Linux (and Windows using GCC) I am able to get my structs to pack to the correct size using 'attribute((packed))'. However I cannot get it to work the same way using VC++ and #pragma pack.

Using GCC this returns a correct size of 6 bytes:

struct
{
    unsigned int   a                : 3;
    unsigned int   b                : 1;
    unsigned int   c                : 15;
    unsigned int   troubleMaker     : 16;
    unsigned short padding          : 13;
} __attribute__((packed)) s;

Using VC++ this returns an incorrect size of 8 bytes

#pragma pack(push)
#pragma pack(1)

struct
{
    unsigned int   a                : 3;
    unsigned int   b                : 1;
    unsigned int   c                : 15;
    unsigned int   troubleMaker     : 16;
    unsigned short padding          : 13;
} s;

#pragma pack(pop)

I can get things to work by splitting 'troubleMaker' across the boundary manually but I'd prefer not to. Any ideas?

Answer 1

Crazy idea: just write a C99 or C++03 -conforming program in the first place

---

I would suggest not using vendor-specific C language extensions to match device or network bit formats. Even if you get the fields to line up using a series of one-per-vendor language extensions, you still have byte order to worry about, and you still have a struct layout that requires extra instructions to access.

You can write a C99 conforming program that will work on any architecture or host and at maximum speed and cache efficiency by using the standardized C API string and memory copy functions and the Posix hton and ntoh functions.

A good practice is to use the following functions for which there exist published standards:

C99: memcpy(), Posix: htonl(), htons(), ntohl(), ntohs()

Update: here is some code that should work the same everywhere. You may need to get <stdint.h> from this project if Microsoft still hasn't implemented it for C99, or just make the usual assumptions about int sizes.

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

struct packed_with_bit_fields {  // ONLY FOR COMPARISON
    unsigned int   a        : 3;
    unsigned int   b        : 1;
    unsigned int   c        : 15;
    unsigned int   troubleMaker : 16;
    unsigned short padding  : 13;
} __attribute__((packed));       // USED ONLY TO COMPARE IMPLEMENTATIONS

struct unpacked { // THIS IS THE EXAMPLE STRUCT
    uint32_t a;
    uint32_t b;
    uint32_t c;
    uint32_t troubleMaker;
}; // NOTE NOT PACKED

struct unpacked su;
struct packed_with_bit_fields sp;
char *bits = "Lorem ipsum dolor";

int main(int ac, char **av) {
  uint32_t x;   // byte order issues ignored in both cases

  // This should work with any environment and compiler
  memcpy(&x, bits, 4);
  su.a = x & 7;
  su.b = x >> 3 & 1;
  su.c = x >> 4 & 0x7fff;
  memcpy(&x, bits + 2, 4);
  su.troubleMaker = x >> 3 & 0xffff;

  // This section works only with gcc
  memcpy(&sp, bits, 6);
  printf( sp.a == su.a
      &&  sp.b == su.b
      &&  sp.c == su.c
      &&  sp.troubleMaker == su.troubleMaker
      ? "conforming and gcc implementations match
" : "huh?
");
  return 0;
}