You need to set the proxy for Docker daemon also using environment variable. Docker run is also doing docker pull since the image doesn't exists. In your case the proxy is only applied to the docker run command, which delegates to the docker daemon which is running without proxy.
Create a file named /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/10_docker_proxy.conf
with below content
[Service]
Environment=HTTP_PROXY=http://1.1.1.1:111
Environment=HTTPS_PROXY=http://1.1.1.1:111
Make sure to update the proxy as per the ones you have 1.1.1.1:111
is just an example
Then execute below commands to restart docker
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
Now use your docker run command and it should work
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