java - Reason for calling shutdown() on ExecutorService

Question

I was reading about it quite a bit in the past couple of hours, and I simply cannot see any reason (valid reason) to call shutdown() on the ExecutorService, unless we have a humongous application that stores, dozens and dozens of different executor services that are not used for a long time.

The only thing (from what I gather) the shutdown does, is doing what a normal Thread does once it's done. When the normal Thread will finish the run method of the Runnable(or Callable), it will be passed to Garbage Collection to be collected. With Executor Service the threads will simply be put on hold, they will not be ticked for the garbage collection. For that, the shutdown is needed.

Ok back to my question. Is there any reason to call shutdown on ExecutorService very often, or even right after submitting to it some tasks? I would like to leave behind the case someone is doing it and right after that calls to awaitTermination() as this is validated. Once we do that, we have to recreate a new ExecutorService all over again, to do the same thing. Isn't the whole idea for the ExecutorService to reuse the threads? So why destroy the ExecutorService so soon?

Isn't it a rational way to simply create ExecutorService (or couple depending on how many you need), then during the application running pass to them the tasks once they come along, and then on the application exit or some other important stages shutdown those executors?

I'd like an answer from some experienced coders who do write a lot of asynchronous code using the ExecutorServices.

Second side question, a bit smaller deals with the android platform. IF some of you will say that it's not the best idea to shutdown executors every time, and your program on android, could you tell me how do you handle those shutdowns (to be specific - when you execute them) when we deal with different events of the application life cycle.

Because of the CommonsWare comment, I made the post neutral. I really am not interested in arguing about it to death and it seems it's leading there. I'm only interested in learning about what I asked here from experienced developers if they are willing to share their experiences. Thanks.

Answer 1

The shutdown() method does one thing: prevents clients to send more work to the executor service. This means all the existing tasks will still run to completion unless other actions are taken. This is true even for scheduled tasks, e.g., for a ScheduledExecutorService: new instances of the scheduled task won't run. It also frees up any background thread resources. This can be useful in various scenarios.

Let's assume you have a console application which has an executor service running N tasks. If the user hits CTRL-C, you expect the application to terminate, possibly gracefully. What does it mean gracefully? Maybe you want your application to not be able to submit more tasks to the executor service and at the same time you want to wait for your existing N tasks to complete. You could achieve this using a shutdown hook as a last resort:

final ExecutorService service = ... // get it somewhere

Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Performing some shutdown cleanup...");
        service.shutdown();
        while (true) {
            try {
                System.out.println("Waiting for the service to terminate...");
                if (service.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
                    break;
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }
        }
        System.out.println("Done cleaning");
    }
}));

This hook will shutdown the service, which will prevent your application to submit new tasks, and wait for all the existing tasks to complete before shutting down the JVM. The await termination will block for 5 seconds and return true if the service is shutdown. This is done in a loop so that you're sure the service will shutdown eventually. The InterruptedException gets swallowed each time. This is the best way to shutdown an executor service that gets reused all over your application.

This code isn't perfect. Unless you're absolutely positive your tasks will eventually terminate, you might want to wait for a given timeout and then just exit, abandoning the running threads. In this case it would make sense to also call shutdownNow() after the timeout in a final attempt to interrupt the running threads (shutdownNow() will also give you a list of tasks waiting to run). If your tasks are designed to respond to interruption this will work fine.

Another interesting scenario is when you have a ScheduledExecutorService that performs a periodic task. The only way to stop the chain of periodic tasks is to call shutdown().

EDIT: I'd like to add that I wouldn't recommend using a shutdown hook as shown above in the general case: it can be error-prone and should be a last resort only. Moreover, if you have many shutdown hooks registered, the order in which they will run is undefined, which might be undesirable. I'd rather have the application explicitly call shutdown() on InterruptedException.