You want the wonderful, amazing, and fabulous GCMathParser, available (FOR FREE!) on apptree.net: http://apptree.net/parser.htm It does exactly what you're asking, and even allows you to do variable substitutions (3x+42, evaluate with x = 7). It even has support for mathematical functions like sin(), cos(), tan(), their inverses, dtor(), log(), ....
edit a long time later...
While GCMathParser is pretty awesome, it has the flaw of not being extensible. So if you need a function that it doesn't natively support, then too bad. So I decided to do something about it, and came up with an entirely native math parser and evaluator: http://github.com/davedelong/DDMathParser
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