java - Try / Try-with-resources and Connection, Statement and ResultSet closing

Question

I have recently having some discussions with my professor about how to handle the basic jdbc connection scheme. Suppose we want to execute two queries, this is what he proposes

public void doQueries() throws MyException{
    Connection con = null;
    try {
        con = DriverManager.getConnection(dataSource);
        PreparedStatement s1 = con.prepareStatement(updateSqlQuery);
        PreparedStatement s2 = con.prepareStatement(selectSqlQuery);

        // Set the parameters of the PreparedStatements and maybe do other things

        s1.executeUpdate();
        ResultSet rs = s2.executeQuery();

        rs.close();
        s2.close();
        s1.close();
    } catch (SQLException e) {
        throw new MyException(e);
    } finally {
        try {
            if (con != null) {
                con.close();
            }
        } catch (SQLException e2) {
            // Can't really do anything
        }
    }
}

I don't like this approach, and I have two questions about it:

1.A) I think that, if any exception is thrown where we do 'other things', or in the line rs.close() or s2.close() then s1 wouldn't have been closed when the method ends. Am I right about that?

1.B) The professor keeps asking me to explicitly close the ResultSet (even when the Statement documentation makes clear that it will close the ResultSet) She says that Sun recommends it. Is there any reason to do so?

Now this is what I think is the correct code for the same thing:

public void doQueries() throws MyException{
    Connection con = null;
    PreparedStatement s1 = null;
    PreparedStatement s2 = null;
    try {
        con = DriverManager.getConnection(dataSource);
        s1 = con.prepareStatement(updateSqlQuery);
        s2 = con.prepareStatement(selectSqlQuery);

        // Set the parameters of the PreparedStatements and maybe do other things

        s1.executeUpdate();
        ResultSet rs = s2.executeQuery();

    } catch (SQLException e) {
        throw new MyException(e);
    } finally {
        try {
            if (s2 != null) {
                s2.close();
            }
        } catch (SQLException e3) {
            // Can't do nothing
        }
        try {
            if (s1 != null) {
                s1.close();
            }
        } catch (SQLException e3) {
            // Can't do nothing
        }
        try {
            if (con != null) {
                con.close();
            }
        } catch (SQLException e2) {
            // Can't do nothing
        }
    }
}

2.A) Is this code correct? (Is it guaranteed that all will be closed when the method ends?)

2.B) This is very large and verbose (and it gets worse if there are more Statements) Is there any shorter or more elegant way to do this without using try-with-resources?

Finally this is the code I like the most

public void doQueries() throws MyException{
    try (Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dataSource);
         PreparedStatement s1 = con.prepareStatement(updateSqlQuery);
         PreparedStatement s2 = con.prepareStatement(selectSqlQuery))
    {

        // Set the parameters of the PreparedStatements and maybe do other things

        s1.executeUpdate();
        ResultSet rs = s2.executeQuery();

    } catch (SQLException e) {
        throw new MyException(e);
    }
}

3) Is this code correct? I think my professor doesn't like this way because there is no explicit close of the ResultSet, but she has told me that she is fine with it as long as in the documentation it is clear that all is closed. Can you give any link to the official documentation with a similar example, or based in the documentation show that there is are no problems with this code?

Answer 1

tl;dr

• In theory closing the statement closes the result set.
• In practice, some faulty JDBC driver implementations failed to do so, notoriously. Thus the advice from your instructor that she learned from the School Of Hard Knocks. Unless you are familiar with every implementation of every JDBC driver that might be deployed for your app, use try-with-resources to auto-close every level of your JDBC work such as statements and result sets.

Use try-with-resources syntax

None of your code is fully using try-with-resources. In try-with-resources syntax, you declare and instantiate your Connection, PreparedStatement, and ResultSet in parentheses, before the braces. See Tutorial by Oracle.

While your ResultSet is not being explicitly closed in your last code example, it should be closed indirectly when its statement is closed. But as discussed below, it might not be closed because of faulty JDBC driver.

AutoCloseable

Any such objects implementing AutoCloseable will automatically have their close method invoked. So no need for those finally clauses.

For the Humanities-majors reading this, yes, the Java team misspelled “closable”.

How do you know which objects are auto-closable and which are not? Look at their class documentation to see if it declares AutoCloseable as a super-interface. Conversely, see the JavaDoc page for AutoCloseable for a list of all the bundled sub-interfaces and implementing classes (dozens actually).

For example, for SQL work, we see that Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement, ResultSet, and RowSet are all auto-closable but DataSource is not. This makes sense, as DataSource stores data about potential resources (database connections) but is not itself a resource. A DataSource is never “open” so no need to close.

See Oracle Tutorial, The try-with-resources Statement.

Code example

Your last code example is getting close to good, but should have wrapped ResultSet in a try-with-resources statement to get automatically closed.

To quote ResultSet JavaDoc:

A ResultSet object is automatically closed when the Statement object that generated it is closed, re-executed, or used to retrieve the next result from a sequence of multiple results.

As your teacher has been suggesting, there have been serious flaws in some JDBC drivers that failed to live up to the promise of the JDBC spec to close the ResultSet when its Statement or PreparedStatement is closed. So many programmers make a habit of closing each ResultSet object explicitly.

This extra duty is easier now with the try-with-resources syntax. In real work you’ll likely have a try-else around all your AutoCloseable objects such as ResultSet anyways. So my own opinion is: Why not make it a try-with-resources + else? Does not hurt, makes your code more self-documenting about your intentions, and it might help if your code ever encounters one of those faulty JDBC drivers. The only cost is a pair of parens, assuming you’d have a try-catch-else in place anyways.

As stated in the Oracle Tutorial, multiple AutoCloseable objects declared together will be closed in reverse order, just as we would want.

Tip: The try-with-resources syntax allows an optional semicolon on the last declared resource item. I include the semicolon as a habit because it reads well to my eye, is consistent, and facilitates cut-and-paste editing. I include it on your PreparedStatement s2 line.

public void doQueries() throws MyException{
    // First try-with-resources.
    try ( Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( dataSource ) ;
          PreparedStatement s1 = con.prepareStatement( updateSqlQuery ) ;
          PreparedStatement s2 = con.prepareStatement( selectSqlQuery ) ;
    ) {

        … Set parameters of PreparedStatements, etc.

        s1.executeUpdate() ;

        // Second try-with-resources, nested within first.
        try (
            ResultSet rs = s2.executeQuery() ;
        ) {
            … process ResultSet
        } catch ( SQLException e2 ) {  
            … handle exception related to ResultSet.
        }

    } catch ( SQLException e ) {  
        … handle exception related to Connection or PreparedStatements.
    }
}

I suppose there is a more elegant syntax for this kind of work that might be invented in a future programming language. But for now, we have try-with-resources, and I do use it happily. While try-with-resources is not perfectly elegant, it is a big improvement over the older syntax.

By the way, Oracle recommends using a DataSource implementation for getting connections rather than the DriverManager approach seen in your code. Using DataSource throughout your code makes it easier to switch drivers or switch to a connection pool. See if your JDBC driver provides an implementation of DataSource.

Update: Java 9

Now in Java 9 you can initialize the resources before the try-with-resources. See this article. This flexibility may be useful in some scenarios.