assembly - x86 32 bit opcodes that differ in x86-x64 or entirely removed

Question

I've looked up Wikipedia for x86 backward compatibility in x86-x64 and it says:

x86-64 is fully backwards compatible with 16-bit and 32-bit x86 code.Because the full x86 16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation, existing x86 executables run with no compatibility or performance penalties,whereas existing applications that are recoded to take advantage of new features of the processor design may achieve performance improvements.

So I've tested some instructions to see that some are actually yield entirely different opcodes (rather than just applying prefix) such as: INC/DEC. Looking at (x86):

x40 inc eax
x48 dec eax

And while assembling the same in x86-x64 yields:

xff xc0 inc eax

xff xc8 dec eax

I'm trying to figure out the reason and more examples of other instructions that has the same symptoms that yield different opcodes. I am familiar with that push, pop, call, ret, enter and leave are not available 32 bit in x86-x64.

Answer 1

Almost all instructions that are available in both modes have the same opcodes in both modes.

Removed instructions:

• Binary-coded-decimal stuff like AAM (ASCII-adjust after multiplication) for fixing up binary-coded-decimal after doing normal binary add/sub/mul/div on a register holding two base-10 digits in each 4-bit half. They ran slowly anyway, and weren't used. Storing numbers as binary integers instead of BCD is widespread.
• push / pop of CS/DS/ES/SS were removed. push/pop FS and GS are still valid (those two segments can still have a non-zero base in long mode). mov Sreg, r32 and mov r32, Sreg are still available for the "neutered" segment registers, so you can emulate push / pop using a scratch integer reg. CS still matters; a far jump to another code segment can switch to 32-bit mode, and the others still need valid segment descriptors.
• Other obscure segment stuff like ARPL: Adjust RPL Field of Segment Selector. It's really just a bit-field clamp and set flags instructions for integer registers, so could be emulated by a few other instructions in the rare places where a kernel might want it.
• Maybe some other obscure or privileged instructions that compilers never used in 32-bit code. (Not that compilers ever emitted any of the above either, without intrinsics or inline asm).

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Removed (repurposed) encodings of some still-available instructions: In your case, 32bit can use the inc r32 single-byte opcodes (0x40 + register-number). 64bit mode only has the inc r/m32 encoding, where the register to be incremented is specified with a 2nd byte. (In this case, the 0x4x bytes were repurposed as the REX prefix byte).

Intel's insn reference (follow the link in the x86 tag wiki, or ) shows the following for inc:

Opcode   Instruction Op/   64-Bit   Compat/
                     En     Mode    Leg mode

FF /0   INC r/m32     M     Valid     Valid     Increment r/m doubleword by 1.
40+ rd  INC r32       O      N.E.     Valid     Increment doubleword register by 1.

N.E. means not encodable. The Op/En column describes how operands are encoded.

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Jan Hubicka's AMD64 ISA overview briefly describes the repurposing of single-byte inc/dec opcodes for REX prefixes, and the default operand sizes and how immediate data is still 32bit. movabs is available for loading 64bit immediate constants, or load/store from/to a 64bit absolute address.

AMD's AMD64 manual, Section 2.5.11 Reassigned Opcodes has a table which is quite short. It only lists:

• 4x inc/dec r32 that turned into REX prefixes
• 63 ARPL that became MOVSXD (sign-extend dword to qword, when used with REX.W=1 (which means the W bit in the REX prefix = 1)).

Early AMD64 and Intel EMT64 CPUs left out SAHF/LAHF in long mode, but later re-added that instruction with the same opcode as in 32bit. That table also doesn't list instructions that were removed entirely (the BCD instructions and maybe others) that were removed to make room for possible future extensions.

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They could have simplified things a lot, and made x86-64 a much better cleaner instruction set with more room for future extensions, but every difference from 32bit means more decoder transistors. There are no machine instructions that moved to a different opcode in 64bit.

Multiple machine instructions often share the same asm mnemonic, mov being the most overloaded one. There are loads, stores, mov with immediate-constants, move to/from segment registers, all in 8bit and 32bit. (16bit is the 32bit with an operand-size prefix, same for 64bit with a REX prefix.) There's a sepecial opcode for loading RAX from a 64bit absolute address. There's also a special opcode for loading a 64bit immediate-constant into a register. (AT&T syntax calls this movabs, but it's still just mov in Intel/NASM)