java - How to make a line curve through points

Question

I'm looking for a way to make a line curve through a number of points. It would be preferable to use 3 points although I've considered that in order to give context to the angle of the line entering a point more may be needed to give context to the curve so to speak.

In general a start point P1, a control point P2 and an end point P3, the line should curve to P2 from P1 and then curve from P2 to P3.

In fact here is a perfect example of the effect I would like to achieve:

If I could do this I really would be eternally grateful!

In Java so far, I have tried playing around with things such as QuadCurve2D.Double , Cub icCurve2D.Double and also Path2D.Double (using curveTo with Path2D.Double) but to no avail - the curves which are painted aren't even close to passing through the control point specified.

Here is an image of the methods I have tried so far :

And here is the code I used to generate the points and curves in the image :

    Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) window.getGraphics();
    g.setColor(Color.blue);
    int d = 4;

    // P0
    int x0 = window.getWidth()/8;
    int y0 = 250;
    g.drawString("P0", x0, y0 + 4*d);
    g.fillRect(x0, y0, d, d);

    // P1
    int x1 = (window.getWidth()/7)*2;
    int y1 = 235;
    g.drawString("P1", x1, y1 + 4*d);
    g.fillRect(x1, y1, d, d);

    // P2
    int x2 = (window.getWidth()/2);
    int y2 = 200;
    g.drawString("P2", x2, y2 - 2*d);
    g.fillRect(x2, y2, d, d);

    // P3
    int x3 = (window.getWidth()/7)*5;
    int y3 = 235;
    g.drawString("P3", x3, y3 + 4*d);
    g.fillRect(x3, y3, d, d);

            // P4
    int x4 = (window.getWidth()/8)*7;
    int y4 = 250;
    g.drawString("P4", x4, y4 + 4*d);
    g.fillRect(x4, y4, d, d);

    g.setColor(Color.cyan);
    QuadCurve2D quadCurve = new QuadCurve2D.Double(x0, y0, x2, y2, x4, y4);
    g.draw(quadCurve);


    g.setColor(Color.YELLOW);
    CubicCurve2D.Double cubicCurve = new CubicCurve2D.Double((double)x0, (double)y0, 
                                                             (double)x1, (double)y1, 
                                                             (double)x2, (double)y2, 
                                                             (double)x4, (double)y4);
    g.draw(cubicCurve);


    g.setColor(Color.red);      
    Path2D.Double path1 = new Path2D.Double();
    path1.moveTo(x1, y1);
    path1.curveTo(x0, y0, x2, y2, x4, y4);
    g.draw(path1);

My reasons for wanting a curved line to pass through points is that I want to 'smoothen' the transition between vertices on a line graph I have written. Before anyone mentions it JFree Chart is not an option. I understand there are different types of curves and splines that are used but I've not had much luck in understanding exactly how they work or how to implement something that suits my needs.

I would be really grateful for any help offered - Thanks in advance.

Answer 1

I think you're missing the idea of what a control point is. Control points are generally not on the path itself. Instead they control how the curve of the path is shaped between points. See a spline tutorial for full details.

Now to the problem at hand, you have points on the curve but no actual control points. There are some techniques, like Cardinal Spline, for deriving control points to then pass to one of the curve drawing APIs you mention. You probably want the Path2D.Double option so you can smoothly string together individual curves.

So for drawing from P1 to P2 to P3, instead of

Path2D.Double path1 = new Path2D.Double();
path1.moveTo(x1, y1);
path1.curveTo(x0, y0, x2, y2, x4, y4);
g.draw(path1);

You want

Path2D.Double path1 = new Path2D.Double();
path1.moveTo(x1, y1);
path1.curveTo(cx1a, cy1a, cx1b, cy1b, x2, y2);
path1.curveTo(cx2a, cy2a, cx2b, cy2b, x3, y3);
g.draw(path1);

where the cx and cy coordinates are your derived control points, two control points per cubic spline segment. Possibly,

cx1a = x1 + (x2 - x1) / 3;
cy1a = y1 + (y2 - y1) / 3;
cx1b = x2 - (x3 - x1) / 3;
cy1b = y2 - (y3 - y1) / 3;
cx2a = x2 + (x3 - x1) / 3;
cy2a = y2 + (y3 - y1) / 3;
cx2b = x3 - (x3 - x2) / 3;
cy2b = y3 - (y3 - y2) / 3;

The pattern here is that for the interior points (only P2 in this case) the control points before and after it (c1b and c2a) are offset by the slope of the line between the points before and after it (P1 and P3). For the edge points, the control points are based on the slope between that point and the next closest point.

If you have domain-specific information you might choose different control points. For instance, you might want to force the slopes at the end points to be 0.