group by - Which row's fields are returned when Grouping with MySQL?

Question

I have a MySQL table with the fields id and string. ids are unique. strings are varchars and are non-unique.

I perform the following query:

SELECT id, string, COUNT( * ) AS frequency
FROM table
GROUP BY string
ORDER BY frequency DESC, id ASC

Questions

Assume the table contains three rows with identical string values, and ids 1, 2, and 3.

1. Which id is going to be returned ( 1, 2, or 3 )?
2. Which id is this query going to ORDER BY ( Same as is returned? ... see question 1 )?
3. Can you control which id is returned / used for ordering? eg. Return the largest id, or the first id from a GROUP.

What I'm ultimately trying to do is get a frequency occurrence for identical strings, order by that frequency, highest to lowest, and on a frequency tie, order by id with the smallest id from the group returned / ordered by. I made the situation more generic to figure out how MySQL handles this situation.

Answer 1

Which id is going to be returned ( 1, 2, or 3 )?

A: The server will choose for all the records that have the same name the id it wants (most likely the fastest to fetch, which is unpredictable). To cite the official documentation:

The server is free to choose any value from each group, so unless they are the same, the values chosen are indeterminate.

Much more information in this link.

Which id is this query going to ORDER BY ( Same as is returned? ... see question 1 )?

It makes no sense to find out in what order the data retrieved will be returned as you can't predict the result you are going to get. However, it is very likely that you get the result sorted by the unpredictable ID column.

Can you control which id is returned / used for ordering? eg. Return the largest id, or the first id from a GROUP.

You should be assuming at this point that you can't. Read again the documentation.

Making things even more clear: You can't predict the result of an improperly used GROUP BY clause. The main issue with MySQL is that it allows you to use it in a non-standard way but you need to know how to make use of that feature. The main point behind it is to group by fields that you know will always be the same. EG:

SELECT id, name, COUNT( * ) AS frequency
FROM table
GROUP BY id

Here, you know name will be unique as id functionally determines name. So the result you know is valid. If you grouped also by name this query would be more standard but will perform slightly worse in MySQL.

As a final note, take into account that, in my experience the results in those non-standard queries for the selected and non-grouped fields are usually the ones that you would get applying a GROUP BY and then an ORDER BY on that field. That is why so many times it seems to work. However, if you keep testing you will eventually find out that this happens 95% of the time. And you can not rely on that number.