java - Why are composite keys discouraged in hibernate?

Question

This is from Hibernate official tutorial:

There is an alternative <composite-id> declaration that allows access to legacy data with composite keys. Its use is strongly discouraged for anything else.

Why are composite keys discouraged? I am considering using a 3-column table where all of the columns are foreign keys and together form a primary key that is a meaningful relationship in my model. I don't see why this is a bad idea, espicially that I will be using an index on them.

What's the alternative? Create an additional automatically generated column and use it as a primary key? I still need to query my 3 columns anyways!?

In short, why is this statement true? and what's the better alternative?

Answer 1

They discourage them for several reasons:

• they're cumbersome to use. Each time you need to reference an object (or row), for eexample in your web application, you need to pass 3 parameters instead of just one.
• they're inefficient. Instead of simply hashing an integer, the database needs to hash a composite of 3 columns.
• they lead to bugs: developers inevitably implement the equals and hashCode methods of the primary key class incorrectly. Or they make it mutable, and modify their value once stored in a HashSet or HashMap
• they pollute the schema. If another table needs to reference this 3-column table, it will need to have a 3 columns instead of just one as a foreign key. Now suppose you follow the same design and make this 3-column foreign key part of the primary key of this new table, you'll quickly have a 4-column primary key, and then a 5-column PK in the next table, etc. etc., leading to duplication of data, and a dirty schema.

The alternative is to have a single-column, auto-generated primary key, in addition to the other three columns. If you want to make the tuple of three columns unique, then use a unique constraint.