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1.在查询结果中显示列名: a.用as关键字:select name as '姓名' from students order by age b.直接表示:select name '姓名' from students order by age 2.精确查找: a.用in限定范围:select * from students where native in ('湖南', '四川') b.between...and:select * from students where age between 20 and 30 c.“=”:select * from students where name = '李山' d.like:select * from students where name like '李%' (注意查询条件中有“%”,则说明是部分匹配,而且还有先后信息在里面,即查找以“李”开头的匹配项。所以若查询有“李”的所有对象,应该命令:'%李%';若是第二个字为李,则应为'_李%'或'_李'或'_李_'。) e.[]匹配检查符:select * from courses where cno like '[AC]%' (表示或的关系,与"in(...)"类似,而且"[]"可以表示范围,如:select * from courses where cno like '[A-C]%') 3.对于时间类型变量的处理 a.smalldatetime:直接按照字符串处理的方式进行处理,例如: select * from students where birth > = '1980-1-1' and birth <= '1980-12-31' 4.集函数 a.count()求和,如:select count(*) from students (求学生总人数) b.avg(列)求平均,如:select avg(mark) from grades where cno='B2' c.max(列)和min(列),求最大与最小 5.分组group 常用于统计时,如分组查总数: select gender,count(sno) from students group by gender (查看男女学生各有多少) 注意:从哪种角度分组就从哪列"group by" 对于多重分组,只需将分组规则罗列。比如查询各届各专业的男女同学人数,那么分组规则有:届别(grade)、专业(mno)和性别(gender),所以有"group by grade, mno, gender" select grade, mno, gender, count(*) from students group by grade, mno, gender 通常group还和having联用,比如查询1门课以上不及格的学生,则按学号(sno)分类有: select sno,count(*) from grades where mark<60 group by sno having count(*)>1 6.UNION联合 合并查询结果,如: SELECT * FROM students WHERE name like ‘张%' UNION [ALL] SELECT * FROM students WHERE name like ‘李%' 7.多表查询 a.内连接 select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno (注意可以引用别名) b.外连接 b1.左连接 select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno) from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno group by courses.cno 左连接特点:显示全部左边表中的所有项目,即使其中有些项中的数据未填写完全。 左外连接返回那些存在于左表而右表中却没有的行,再加上内连接的行。 b2.右连接 与左连接类似 b3.全连接 select sno,name,major from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno 两边表中的内容全部显示 c.自身连接 select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno 采用别名解决问题。 d.交叉连接 select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme 相当于做笛卡儿积 8.嵌套查询 a.用关键字IN,如查询李山的同乡: select * from students where native in (select native from students where name=' 李山') b.使用关键字EXIST,比如,下面两句是等价的: select * from students where sno in (select sno from grades where cno='B2') select * from students where exists (select * from grades where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2') 9.关于排序order a.对于排序order,有两种方法:asc升序和desc降序 b.对于排序order,可以按照查询条件中的某项排列,而且这项可用数字表示,如: select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades group by sno having avg(mark)>85 order by 3 10.其他 a.对于有空格的识别名称,应该用"[]"括住。 b.对于某列中没有数据的特定查询可以用null判断,如select sno,courseno from grades where mark IS NULL c.注意区分在嵌套查询中使用的any与all的区别,any相当于逻辑运算“||”而all则相当于逻辑运算“&&” d.注意在做否定意义的查询是小心进入陷阱: 如,没有选修‘B2'课程的学生 : select students.* from students, grades where students.sno=grades.sno AND grades.cno <> 'B2' 上面的查询方式是错误的,正确方式见下方: select * from students where not exists (select * from grades where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2') 11.关于有难度多重嵌套查询的解决思想: 如,选修了全部课程的学生: select * from students where not exists ( select * from courses where NOT EXISTS (select * from grades where sno=students.sno AND cno=courses.cno)) |
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