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key_len的含义 在MySQL中,可以通过explain查看SQL语句所走的路径,如下所示: mysql> create table t(a int primary key, b int not null, c int not null, index(b)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> explain select b from t ; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | index | NULL | b | 4 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 其中,key_len表示使用的索引长度,是以字节为单位。在上面的例子中,由于int型占用4个字节,而索引中只包含了1列,所以,key_len是4。 下面是联合索引的情况: mysql> alter table t add index ix(b, c); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> explain select b, c from t ; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | index | NULL | ix | 8 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 联合索引ix包含了2列,并且都使用到了,所以,这里ken_len是8。 到这里,我们已经可以理解key_len的含义了,似乎已经没有什么可讲的了,但是,MySQL中key_len的计算还有很多需要注意的地方。 例如,我们将b这一列的NOT NULL约束去掉,然后ken_len就和我们预期不一样了,如下所示: mysql> alter table t modify b int; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> explain select b from t; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | index | NULL | b | 5 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) MySQL中key_len计算规则 MySQL中,key_len的计算规则如下:
根据官方文档可以知道,decimal定义为decimal(M,D),其中,M是总的位数,D是小数点后保留的位数。小数点前与小数点后的数字分开存储,且以9位数为1组,用4个字节保存,如果低于9位数,需要的字节数如下: Leftover Digits Number of Bytes 例如: decimal(20,6)=> 小数点左边14位,小数点右边6位 => 小数点左边分组为5 + 9,需要3个字节+4个字节存储,小数点一个分组,需要3个字节存储 => 总共需要10个字节 通过key_len分析联合索引 如下所示,我们定义了一个表t,表t包含a、b、c、d共4列: mysql> show create table t\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL, `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `c` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `d` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`a`), KEY `ix_x` (`b`,`d`,`c`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 现在要执行SQL语句如下: select a from t where b = 5 and d = 10 order by c; 假设我们有一个索引ix_x(b,d,c),通过explain得到如下输出: mysql> explain select a from t where b = 5 and d = 10 order by c; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | ref | ix_x | ix_x | 10 | const,const | 1 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 可以看到,查询语句使用了联合索引中的b和d两列来过滤数据。 如果我们定义的联合索引不是`ix_x(b,d,c)`,而是`ix_x(b, c, d)`,通过explain得到的输入如下: mysql> alter table t drop index ix_x; mysql> alter table t add index ix_x(b, c, d); mysql> explain select a from t where b = 5 and d = 10 order by c; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | ref | ix_x | ix_x | 5 | const | 2 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) key_len为5,也就是说,只用到了联合索引中的第一列,可以看到,虽然联合索引包含了我们要查询的所有列,但是,由于定义的顺序问题,SQL语句并不能够充分利用索引。 |
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