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库的管理 创建库 create database [if not exists] 库名; 删除库 drop databases [if exists] 库名; 建库通用的写法 drop database if exists 旧库名; create database 新库名; 示例 mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018'; +-------------------------+ | Database (javacode2018) | +-------------------------+ | javacode2018 | +-------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop database if exists javacode2018; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018'; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database javacode2018; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) show databases like ‘javacode2018';列出javacode2018库信息。 表管理 创建表 create table 表名( 字段名1 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'], 字段名2 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'], 字段名3 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'] )[表的一些设置]; 注意:
约束说明 not null:标识该字段不能为空 mysql> create table test1(a int not null comment '字段a'); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test1 values (null); ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null mysql> insert into test1 values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1; +---+ | a | +---+ | 1 | +---+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) **default value:**为该字段设置默认值,默认值为value mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> create table test2( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null default 0 comment '字段b' -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into test2(a) values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select *from test2; +---+---+ | a | b | +---+---+ | 1 | 0 | +---+---+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 上面插入时未设置b的值,自动取默认值0 **primary key:**标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录,插入重复的会报错 两种写法,如下: 方式1:跟在列后,如下: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test3; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> create table test3( -> a int not null comment '字段a' primary key -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' 方式2:在所有列定义之后定义,如下: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test4; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> create table test4( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null default 0 comment '字段b', -> primary key(a) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,2); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' 插入重复的值,会报违法主键约束 方式2支持多字段作为主键,多个之间用逗号隔开,语法:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),示例: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test7; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test7( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null comment '字段b', -> PRIMARY KEY (a,b) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'PRIMARY' foreign key:为表中的字段设置外键 语法:foreign key(当前表的列名) references 引用的外键表(外键表中字段名称) mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test6; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test5( -> a int not null comment '字段a' primary key -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test6( -> b int not null comment '字段b', -> ts5_a int not null, -> foreign key(ts5_a) references test5(a) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test5 (a) values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (2,2); ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`javacode2018`.`test6`, CONSTRAINT `test6_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`ts5_a`) REFERENCES `test5` (`a`)) 说明:表示test6中ts5_a字段的值来源于表test5中的字段a。 注意几点:
unique key(uq):标识该字段的值是唯一的 支持一个到多个字段,插入重复的值会报违反唯一约束,会插入失败。 定义有2种方式。 方式1:跟在字段后,如下: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test8; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test8( -> a int not null comment '字段a' unique key -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a' 方式2:所有列定义之后定义,如下: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test9; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test9( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> unique key(a) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a' 方式2支持多字段,多个之间用逗号隔开,语法:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),示例: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test10; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test10( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null comment '字段b', -> unique key(a,b) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'a' auto_increment:标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键) mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test11; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test11( -> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '字段a', -> b int not null comment '字段b' -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (20); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; +---+----+ | a | b | +---+----+ | 1 | 10 | | 2 | 20 | +---+----+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 字段a为自动增长,默认值从1开始,每次+1 关于自动增长字段的初始值、步长可以在mysql中进行设置,比如设置初始值为1万,每次增长10 注意: 我们来演示一下: mysql> delete from test11; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; +---+----+ | a | b | +---+----+ | 3 | 10 | +---+----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 上面删除了test11数据,然后插入了一条,a的值为3,执行下面操作: 删除test11数据,重启mysql,插入数据,然后看a的值是不是被初始化了?如下: mysql> delete from test11; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit Bye C:\Windows\system32>net stop mysql mysql 服务正在停止.. mysql 服务已成功停止。 C:\Windows\system32>net start mysql mysql 服务正在启动 . mysql 服务已经启动成功。 C:\Windows\system32>mysql -uroot -p Enter password: ******* Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> use javacode2018; Database changed mysql> select * from test11; Empty set (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test11 (b) value (100); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; +---+-----+ | a | b | +---+-----+ | 1 | 100 | +---+-----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 删除表 drop table [if exists] 表名; 修改表名 alter table 表名 rename [to] 新表名; 表设置备注 alter table 表名 comment '备注信息'; 复制表 create table 表名 like 被复制的表名; 如: mysql> create table test12 like test11; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from test12; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table test12; +--------+-------+ | Table | Create Table +--------+-------+ | test12 | CREATE TABLE `test12` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段b', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 复制表结构+数据 create table 表名 [as] select 字段,... from 被复制的表 [where 条件]; 如: mysql> create table test13 as select * from test11; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from test13; +---+-----+ | a | b | +---+-----+ | 1 | 100 | +---+-----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 表结构和数据都过来了。 表中列的管理 添加列 alter table 表名 add column 列名 类型 [列约束]; 示例: mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test14; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test14( -> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '字段a' -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> alter table test14 add column b int not null default 0 comment '字段b'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter table test14 add column c int not null default 0 comment '字段c'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into test14(b) values (10); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test14; c +---+----+---+ | a | b | c | +---+----+---+ | 1 | 10 | 0 | +---+----+---+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 修改列 alter table 表名 modify column 列名 新类型 [约束]; 或者 alter table 表名 change column 列名 新列名 新类型 [约束]; 2种方式区别:modify不能修改列名,change可以修改列名 我们看一下test14的表结构: mysql> show create table test14; +--------+--------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+--------+ | test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b', `c` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段c', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 我们将字段c名字及类型修改一下,如下: mysql> alter table test14 change column c d varchar(10) not null default '' comment '字段d'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table test14; ;; +--------+--------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+--------+ | test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b', `d` varchar(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '字段d', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 删除列 alter table 表名 drop column 列名; 示例: mysql> alter table test14 drop column d; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table test14; +--------+--------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+--------+ | test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 到此这篇关于Mysql DDL常见操作汇总的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Mysql DDL操作内容请搜索极客世界以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持极客世界! |
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