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前言 SQL的语言分类主要包含如下几种:
这小节主要了解下数据定义语言DDL(Data Define Language)。我们用它对数据库、表进行一些管理操作(创建、删除、修改等),比如:建库、删库、建表、修改表、删除表、对字段的增删改等,库表结构的管理。 接下来我们逐一来说明(下文[]中的内容属于可选项)。 数据库管理 创建数据库 create database [if not exists] dbname; 删除数据库 drop databases [if exists] dbname; 完整的写法如下: drop databases [if exists] o_dbname; create database n_dbname; o_dbname 代表旧的数据库名,n_dbname 代表新的数据库名。 测试一下: mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | buyerparty | | buyerparty1 | | git_jeeshop | | jz | | kdmy | | kdmygf | | localsdk | | mgrcentercontrol | | mysql | | performance_schema | | stroke_data | | test | +--------------------+ 13 rows in set mysql> drop database if exists test1; Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> create database test1; Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> create database test1; 1007 - Can't create database 'test1'; database exists 通过上面的测试可以知道:删除之前要先判断数据库是否存在,否则会报出异常;同时创建之前也要判断是否存在,如果存在则会提示已存在。 表管理 创建表 在数据库中一张表的基本语法格式如下: create table tbname( column_name_1 column_type_1[(n)] [constraints] [comment 'comment1'], column_name_2 column_type_2[(n)] [constraints] [comment 'comment2'], column_name_3 column_type_3[(n)] [constraints] [comment 'comment3'] )[table_options]; 语法说明 1、column_name是指字段名;column_type指的是字段类型(CHAR、INT等);n代表字段宽度,可选;constraints 约束,可选;comment 为字段备注,可以对字段详细描述。 2、同一个表里面,column_name不能相同 3、字段名和类型为必选,其他均为可选参数 4、类型限制了 字段 的存储格式,必须以给定的数据类型来存储,并可以额外添加的约束 约束说明 not null:非空约束 mysql> use test; Database changed mysql> create table if not exists `user1`(age int comment '年龄',name char(5) comment '姓名' not null); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> insert into user1 values(8,null); 1048 - Column 'name' cannot be null 建表的时候,对name字段做了非空约束,这时候传入的值为null,就会有错误提示。所以非空约束的目的是保证字段不为空。 default value:提供字段默认值 mysql> use test; Database changed mysql> create table if not exists `user2`(age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',name char(50) comment '姓名' not null); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> insert into user2(name) values('brand'); Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> select * from user2; +-----+-------+ | age | name | +-----+-------+ | 0 | brand | +-----+-------+ 1 row in set 设置了默认值之后,如果在写入数据时,不指定值,他会自动取默认值0。 primary key:标识主键约束 有两种表现方式:一种是直接在字段约束中跟上;一种是字段都声明完了之后,在结尾加上,与上一个字段之间用逗号隔开。 mysql> use test; Database changed mysql> create table if not exists `user3`(id int primary key,age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',name char(50) comment '姓名' not null); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> insert into user3 values(1,20,'brand'); Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> insert into user3 values(1,22,'sol'); 1062 - Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' mysql> insert into user3 values(2,22,'sol'); Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> select * from user3; +----+-----+-------+ | id | age | name | +----+-----+-------+ | 1 | 20 | brand | | 2 | 22 | sol | +----+-----+-------+ 2 rows in set 如上,主键必须保持值的唯一性,如果插入重复值,会提示违反主键约束 另外一种方式是在字段声明的尾部,可以支持多个主键,用逗号隔开并且不可重复,格式:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),这种叫组合主键(或复合主键),举个栗子: create table if not exists `user4`(id int,age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',name char(50) comment '姓名' not null,primary key(id,name)); foreign key:标识外键约束 mysql> create table if not exists `class`(classid int primary key,classname varchar(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> create table if not exists `user4`(id int primary key,age int comment '年龄',name char(50) comment '姓名',cid int not null,foreign key(cid) references class(classid)); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> insert into `user4` values(1,20,'brand',1); 1452 - Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`user4`, CONSTRAINT `user4_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`cid`) REFERENCES `class` (`classid`)) mysql> insert into `class` values(1,'grad 3'); Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> insert into `user4` values(1,20,'brand',1); Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> select a.age as '年龄',a.name as '学生姓名',b.classname as '班级' from user4 a left join class b on a.cid = b.classid; +------+----------+--------+ | 年龄 | 学生姓名 | 班级 | +------+----------+--------+ | 20 | brand | grad 3 | +------+----------+--------+ 1 row in set 几点说明: 1、插入user4表的时候,会检查关联的外键classid的值是否存在,如果不存在就会报错误。如上述代码中第三段,classid=1的值在class表中不存在。 2、建立外键关系的两张表的对应字段,类型需要保持一致。 3、设置为外键的字段不能为本表的主键,而关联表的字段需要为主键。(所以外键cid关联到class表的classid字段为主键)。 unique key:标识唯一值约束 同样的有两种定义方式,一种是直接在字段后设置,一种是定义完所有字段之后再设置。以下例子: mysql> create table `user5` (id int primary key,name varchar(50),ident char(18) unique key); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> create table `user6` (id int primary key,name varchar(50),ident char(18) not null,sex int not null,unique key(ident,sex)); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> insert into `user5` values(1,'brand','012345678901234567'); Query OK, 1 row affected mysql> insert into `user5` values(2,'sol','012345678901234567'); 1062 - Duplicate entry '012345678901234567' for key 'ident' 第二段中演示了支持多字段,用逗号隔开,语法格式:unique key(字段1,字段2,字段n); 第三段重复输入了ident的值,他就提示重复输入了。 auto_inc:标识自动增长 mysql> create table `user7` (id int auto_increment primary key,name varchar(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> insert into `user7`(name) values ('brand'),('sol'),('helen'); Query OK, 3 rows affected Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from `user7`; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | brand | | 2 | sol | | 3 | helen | +----+-------+ 3 rows in set auto_increment 说明: 1、auto_increacement 的字段为自动增长,默认值从1开始,每次+1 2、自动增长字段的初始值、步长可以在mysql中进行设置,比如设置初始值为1万,步长每次增长10 3、自增列当前值存储在内存中,数据库重启后,会查询当前表中自增列max为当前值。 4、如果表数据被清空并重启数据库,自增列会从初始值开始。 删除表 drop table [if exists] tname; 修改表名、备注 alter table o_tname rename [to] n_tname; alter table tname comment 'memo'; 复制表 仅复制架构 create table tname like from_tname; mysql> select * from `user7`; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | brand | | 2 | sol | | 3 | helen | +----+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> create table `user8` like `user7`; Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> select * from `user8`; Empty set 复制架构+数据 create table tname [as] select column1,column2,... from from_tname [where condition]; mysql> select * from `user7`; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | brand | | 2 | sol | | 3 | helen | +----+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> create table `user9` select id,name from `user7`; Query OK, 3 rows affected Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from `user9`; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | brand | | 2 | sol | | 3 | helen | +----+-------+ 3 rows in set 数据和架构都被复制过来了,这个超实用。 管理字段 添加字段 alter table tname add column column_name column_type [constraints]; mysql> select * from `user9`; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | brand | | 2 | sol | | 3 | helen | +----+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> alter table `user9` add column newcolumn int not null default 0; Query OK, 0 rows affected Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from `user9`; +----+-------+-----------+ | id | name | newcolumn | +----+-------+-----------+ | 1 | brand | 0 | | 2 | sol | 0 | | 3 | helen | 0 | +----+-------+-----------+ 3 rows in set 修改字段 alter table tname modify column col_name new_col_type [constraints]; -- 修改类型、约束,不能修改字段名 alter table tname change column col_name new_col_name new_col_type [constraints]; -- 修改字段名、类型、约束 以下分别是modify和change示例: mysql> desc `user9`; +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | newcolumn | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> alter table `user9` modify column name varchar(100); Query OK, 3 rows affected Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc `user9`; +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | newcolumn | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> desc `user9`; +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | newcolumn | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> alter table `user9` change column name name1 varchar(100); Query OK, 0 rows affected Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc `user9`; +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name1 | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | newcolumn | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set 删除字段 alter table tname drop column col_name; mysql> desc `user9`; +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name1 | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | newcolumn | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | +-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set mysql> alter table `user9` drop column newcolumn; Query OK, 0 rows affected Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc `user9`; +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name1 | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set 以上就是MySQL ddl语句的使用的详细内容,更多关于MySQL ddl语句的资料请关注极客世界其它相关文章! |
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