Oracle数据库备份还原详解

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理论准备

oracle 数据库提供expdp和impdp命令用于备份和恢复数据库。

具体可查阅oracle官方文档 https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/sutil/database-utilities.pdf

备份和还原主要有

FULL_MODE:整个数据库进行备份还原。

Schema Mode：默认导出模式，Schema 模式。

Table Mode：表模式。

Tablespace Mode：表空间模式。

实践

验证1：备份某一时刻数据库数据，通过恢复语句能够恢复到备份时刻的数据。

切换用户后登录

[root@linuxtestb538 ~]# su oracle
bash-4.2$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 14:40:45 2021
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.3.0.0.0

SQL>

连接到对应用户下

SQL> conn test/test@mypdb
Connected.

创建了test_tab表

create table test_tab(
id number(9) not null,
title varchar2(20)
);

插入一条数据

insert into test_tab values(1,'hello world');

导出数据文件(推出数据库连接)

expdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test dumpfile=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_all.dmp DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR

插入一条数据

insert into test_tab values(2,'hello test');

目前数据库中存在两条数据,而数据导出的时候只有一条hello world的数据。

SQL> select * from test_tab;

        ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
         1 hello world
         2 hello test

现在我们通过impdp命令恢复数据库数据

bash-4.2$ impdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp;

Import: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 14:52:21 2021
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01":  test/********@mypdb schemas=test DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp 
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER
ORA-31684: Object type USER:"TEST" already exists

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
ORA-39151: Table "TEST"."TEST_TAB" exists. All dependent metadata and data will be skipped due to table_exists_action of skip

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER
Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" completed with 2 error(s) at Tue Nov 23 14:52:37 2021 elapsed 0 00:00:14

从输入信息中看到test_tab表已经存在所以相关的备份数据跳过不处理，但我们的本意需要让备份数据去覆盖现有数据不管现在表是否已经存在。那我们需要增加 table_exists_action=replace的参数

impdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp;

Import: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 14:55:57 2021
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01":  test/********@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp 
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER
ORA-31684: Object type USER:"TEST" already exists

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
. . imported "TEST"."TEST_TAB"                           5.539 KB       1 rows
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER
Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" completed with 1 error(s) at Tue Nov 23 14:56:25 2021 elapsed 0 00:00:27

连接到数据库后,查询test_tab表，发现数据已经恢复到只有一条hello world的时候，验证通过。

SQL> select * from test_tab;

        ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
         1 hello world

验证2：备份数据的时候不想备份所有表，要根据条件过滤掉某些表进行备份，恢复的时候只恢复备份出来的表数据。

我们再创建一张his开头的表

create table his_test_tab(
id number(9) not null,
title varchar2(20)
);

插入数据

insert into his_test_tab values(1,'hello world');

导出数据

bash-4.2$ expdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test dumpfile=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123-1_all.dmp DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR EXCLUDE=table:\"like \'HIS%\'\";

Export: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 15:16:39 2021
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Starting "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01":  test/********@mypdb schemas=test dumpfile=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123-1_all.dmp DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR EXCLUDE=table:"like 'HIS%'" 
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/COMMENT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
. . exported "TEST"."TEST_TAB"                           5.539 KB       1 rows
Master table "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for TEST.SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01 is:
  /opt/oracle/admin/ORCLCDB/dpdump/D0F96921D5E99512E0534390140A837F/test20211123-1_all.dmp
Job "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully completed at Tue Nov 23 15:17:39 2021 elapsed 0 00:01:00

在test_tab和his_test_tab 表中新增数据

SQL> insert into test_tab values(2,'hello test');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into his_tab values(2,'hello test');
insert into his_tab values(2,'hello test')
            *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist


SQL> select * from test_tab;

        ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
         1 hello world
         2 hello test

SQL> select * from his_test_tab;

        ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
         1 hello world
         2 hello test

插入数据后test_tab和his_test_tab表中

还原数据

bash-4.2$ impdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123_recov.dmp;

Import: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 15:24:37 2021
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01":  test/********@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123_recov.dmp 
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER
ORA-31684: Object type USER:"TEST" already exists

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
. . imported "TEST"."TEST_TAB"                           5.539 KB       1 rows
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER
Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" completed with 1 error(s) at Tue Nov 23 15:24:47 2021 elapsed 0 00:00:09

确认结果

SQL> select * from his_test_tab;

        ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
         1 hello world
         2 hello test

SQL> select * from test_tab;

        ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
         1 hello world

结果符合预期test_tab数据被还原，his_test_tab数据没有被还原。通过备份日志也可以看到我们只备份了test_tab表中的数据。

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