func (this *DigitalOcean) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, options *lobster.VMIVmCreateOptions) (string, error) {
	password := utils.Uid(16)
	image, err := this.findImage(options.ImageIdentification)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	plan := vm.Plan.Identification
	if plan == "" {
		plan = this.getPlanName(vm.Plan.Ram)
	}

	createRequest := &godo.DropletCreateRequest{
		Name:   vm.Name,
		Region: this.region,
		Size:   plan,
		Image: godo.DropletCreateImage{
			ID: image.ID,
		},
		IPv6:              true,
		PrivateNetworking: true,
		UserData:          fmt.Sprintf("#cloud-config\nchpasswd:\n list: |\n  root:%s\n expire: False\n", password),
	}
	droplet, _, err := this.client.Droplets.Create(createRequest)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	} else {
		vm.SetMetadata("password", password)
		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", droplet.ID), nil
	}
}

func (this *SolusVM) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	vmIdentificationInt, _ := strconv.Atoi(vm.Identification)
	apiInfo, err := this.Api.VmInfo(vmIdentificationInt)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	bwUsed, _ := strconv.ParseInt(strings.Split(apiInfo.Bandwidth, ",")[1], 10, 64)
	info := lobster.VmInfo{
		Ip:            apiInfo.Ip,
		PrivateIp:     apiInfo.InternalIps,
		Status:        strings.Title(apiInfo.State),
		BandwidthUsed: bwUsed,
		LoginDetails:  "username: root; password: " + vm.Metadata("password", "unknown"),
	}

	if this.VirtType == "openvz" {
		info.Actions = append(info.Actions, &lobster.VmActionDescriptor{
			Action:      "tuntap",
			Name:        "TUN/TAP",
			Description: "Enable or disable TUN/TAP.",
			Options: map[string]string{
				"enable":  "On",
				"disable": "Off",
			},
		})
	}

	return &info, nil
}

func (cs *CloudStack) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	details, err := cs.client.GetVirtualMachine(vm.Identification)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	status := details.State
	if status == "Running" {
		status = "Online"
	} else if status == "Stopped" {
		status = "Offline"
	}

	info := lobster.VmInfo{
		Status:       status,
		LoginDetails: "password: " + vm.Metadata("password", "unknown"),
	}

	for _, nic := range details.Nics {
		if ipaddr.IsPrivate(nic.Addr) {
			info.PrivateIp = nic.Addr
		} else {
			info.Ip = nic.Addr
		}
	}

	return &info, nil
}

func (cloug *Cloug) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	instance, err := cloug.service.GetInstance(vm.Identification)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	username := vm.Metadata("username", instance.Username)
	if username == "" {
		username = "unknown"
	}
	password := vm.Metadata("password", instance.Password)
	if password == "" {
		password = "unknown"
	}

	return &lobster.VmInfo{
		Ip:                   instance.IP,
		PrivateIp:            instance.PrivateIP,
		Status:               strings.Title(string(instance.Status)),
		Hostname:             instance.Name,
		BandwidthUsed:        instance.BandwidthUsed,
		LoginDetails:         fmt.Sprintf("username: %s; password: %s", username, password),
		Details:              instance.Details,
		OverrideCapabilities: true,
		CanVnc:               cloug.vncService != nil,
		CanReimage:           cloug.reimageService != nil,
		CanResize:            cloug.resizeService != nil,
		CanSnapshot:          cloug.imageService != nil,
		CanAddresses:         cloug.addressService != nil,
	}, nil
}

func (cloug *Cloug) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, imageIdentification string) (string, error) {
	instance, err := cloug.service.CreateInstance(&compute.Instance{
		Name:      vm.Name,
		Region:    cloug.config.Region,
		NetworkID: cloug.config.NetworkID,
		Image:     compute.Image{ID: imageIdentification},
		Flavor: compute.Flavor{
			ID:         vm.Plan.Identification,
			NumCores:   vm.Plan.Cpu,
			DiskGB:     vm.Plan.Storage,
			MemoryMB:   vm.Plan.Ram,
			TransferGB: vm.Plan.Bandwidth,
		},
	})

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if instance.Username != "" {
		vm.SetMetadata("username", instance.Username)
	}
	if instance.Password != "" {
		vm.SetMetadata("password", instance.Password)
	}

	return instance.ID, nil
}

func (this *Linode) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	linodeID, _ := strconv.Atoi(vm.Identification)
	linode, err := this.client.GetLinode(linodeID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	info := lobster.VmInfo{
		Hostname:     vm.Name,
		LoginDetails: "password: " + vm.Metadata("password", "unknown"),
	}

	if linode.StatusString == "Running" {
		info.Status = "Online"
	} else if linode.StatusString == "Powered Off" {
		info.Status = "Offline"
	} else {
		info.Status = linode.StatusString
	}

	ips, err := this.client.ListIP(linodeID)
	if err == nil {
		for _, ip := range ips {
			if ip.IsPublic == 1 {
				info.Ip = ip.Address
			} else {
				info.PrivateIp = ip.Address
			}
		}
	}

	return &info, nil
}

func (this *SolusVM) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, imageIdentification string) (string, error) {
	name := vm.Name
	if len(name) < 4 {
		name += ".example.com"
	}

	vmId, password, err := this.Api.VmCreate(this.VirtType, this.NodeGroup, name, imageIdentification, vm.Plan.Ram, vm.Plan.Storage, vm.Plan.Cpu)
	vm.SetMetadata("password", password)
	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", vmId), err
}

func (this *Fake) saveAddresses(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, addresses []*lobster.IpAddress) {
	str := ""
	for _, address := range addresses {
		if str != "" {
			str += ","
		}
		str += address.Ip + ":" + address.Hostname
	}
	vm.SetMetadata("addresses", str)
}

func (this *Linode) VmSnapshot(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (string, error) {
	linodeID, _ := strconv.Atoi(vm.Identification)
	diskID, err := strconv.Atoi(vm.Metadata("diskid", ""))
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New("failed to retrieve disk ID from metadata")
	}
	imageID, _, err := this.client.ImagizeDisk(linodeID, diskID, "lobster image")
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	} else {
		return fmt.Sprintf("image:%d", imageID), nil
	}
}

func (this *DigitalOcean) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	vmIdentification, _ := strconv.Atoi(vm.Identification)
	droplet, _, err := this.client.Droplets.Get(vmIdentification)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	info := lobster.VmInfo{
		Hostname:     droplet.Name,
		LoginDetails: "username: root; password: " + vm.Metadata("password", "unknown"),
	}
	for _, addr4 := range droplet.Networks.V4 {
		if addr4.Type == "public" {
			info.Ip = addr4.IPAddress
		} else if addr4.Type == "private" {
			info.PrivateIp = addr4.IPAddress
		}
	}
	if droplet.Status == "active" {
		info.Status = "Online"
	} else if droplet.Status == "off" {
		info.Status = "Offline"
	} else {
		info.Status = strings.Title(droplet.Status)
	}

	// list droplet actions
	var pendingActions []string
	actionList, _, err := this.client.Droplets.Actions(droplet.ID, &godo.ListOptions{PerPage: 25})
	if err == nil {
		for _, action := range actionList {
			if action.Status == "in-progress" {
				pendingActions = append(pendingActions, action.Type)
			}
		}
		if len(pendingActions) >= 1 {
			info.Details = make(map[string]string)
			if len(pendingActions) == 1 {
				info.Details["Pending action"] = pendingActions[0]
			} else {
				info.Details["Pending actions"] = strings.Join(pendingActions, ", ")
			}
		}
	}

	return &info, nil
}

func (this *Fake) VmAddresses(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) ([]*lobster.IpAddress, error) {
	var addresses []*lobster.IpAddress
	for _, addrString := range strings.Split(vm.Metadata("addresses", ""), ",") {
		addrString = strings.TrimSpace(addrString)
		if addrString != "" {
			parts := strings.Split(addrString, ":")
			ipAddr := &lobster.IpAddress{
				Ip:        parts[0],
				PrivateIp: "255.255.255.255",
				CanRdns:   true,
			}
			if len(parts) > 1 {
				ipAddr.Hostname = parts[1]
			}
			addresses = append(addresses, ipAddr)
		}
	}
	return addresses, nil
}

func (cloug *Cloug) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	instance, err := cloug.service.GetInstance(vm.Identification)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	username := vm.Metadata("username", instance.Username)
	if username == "" {
		username = "unknown"
	}
	password := vm.Metadata("password", instance.Password)
	if password == "" {
		password = "unknown"
	}

	info := &lobster.VmInfo{
		Ip:                   instance.IP,
		PrivateIp:            instance.PrivateIP,
		Status:               strings.Title(string(instance.Status)),
		Hostname:             instance.Name,
		BandwidthUsed:        instance.BandwidthUsed,
		LoginDetails:         fmt.Sprintf("username: %s; password: %s", username, password),
		Details:              instance.Details,
		OverrideCapabilities: true,
		CanVnc:               cloug.vncService != nil,
		CanReimage:           cloug.reimageService != nil,
		CanResize:            cloug.resizeService != nil,
		CanSnapshot:          cloug.imageService != nil,
		CanAddresses:         cloug.addressService != nil,
	}

	for _, action := range instance.Actions {
		info.Actions = append(info.Actions, &lobster.VmActionDescriptor{
			Action:      hex.EncodeToString([]byte(action.Label)),
			Name:        action.Label,
			Description: action.Description,
			Options:     action.Options,
		})
	}

	return info, nil
}

func (cloug *Cloug) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, options *lobster.VMIVmCreateOptions) (string, error) {
	tmpl := compute.Instance{
		Name:      vm.Name,
		Region:    cloug.config.Region,
		NetworkID: cloug.config.NetworkID,
		Image:     compute.Image{ID: options.ImageIdentification},
		Flavor: compute.Flavor{
			ID:         vm.Plan.Identification,
			NumCores:   vm.Plan.Cpu,
			DiskGB:     vm.Plan.Storage,
			MemoryMB:   vm.Plan.Ram,
			TransferGB: vm.Plan.Bandwidth,
		},
	}

	if options.SSHKey.Key != "" {
		tmpl.PublicKey = compute.PublicKey{
			Key: []byte(options.SSHKey.Key),
		}
	}

	tmpl.Details = make(map[string]string)
	for k, v := range vm.Plan.Metadata {
		tmpl.Details[k] = v
	}

	instance, err := cloug.service.CreateInstance(&tmpl)

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if instance.Username != "" {
		vm.SetMetadata("username", instance.Username)
	}
	if instance.Password != "" {
		vm.SetMetadata("password", instance.Password)
	}

	return instance.ID, nil
}

func (this *OpenStack) VmInfo(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine) (*lobster.VmInfo, error) {
	server, err := servers.Get(this.ComputeClient, vm.Identification).Extract()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	status := server.Status
	if status == "ACTIVE" {
		status = "Online"
	} else if status == "SHUTOFF" {
		status = "Offline"
	}

	info := lobster.VmInfo{
		Status:       status,
		Hostname:     server.Name,
		LoginDetails: "password: " + vm.Metadata("password", "unknown"),
	}

	servers.ListAddresses(this.ComputeClient, vm.Identification).EachPage(func(page pagination.Page) (bool, error) {
		addresses, err := servers.ExtractAddresses(page)
		if err != nil {
			return false, err
		}

		for _, networkAddresses := range addresses {
			for _, addr := range networkAddresses {
				if ipaddr.IsPrivate(addr.Address) {
					info.PrivateIp = addr.Address
				} else {
					info.Ip = addr.Address
				}
			}
		}
		return true, nil
	})

	return &info, nil
}

func (cs *CloudStack) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, imageIdentification string) (string, error) {
	var serviceOfferingID, diskOfferingID string
	var err error

	if vm.Plan.Identification == "" {
		serviceOfferingID, err = cs.findServiceOffering(vm.Plan.Cpu, vm.Plan.Ram)
		if err != nil {
			return "", err
		}
		diskOfferingID, err = cs.findDiskOffering(vm.Plan.Storage)
		if err != nil {
			return "", err
		}
	} else {
		parts := strings.Split(vm.Plan.Identification, ":")
		if len(parts) != 2 {
			return "", errors.New("plan identification does not contain two colon-separated parts")
		}
		serviceOfferingID = parts[0]
		diskOfferingID = parts[1]
	}

	id, jobid, err := cs.client.DeployVirtualMachine(serviceOfferingID, diskOfferingID, imageIdentification)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	vm.SetMetadata("password", "pending")
	go func() {
		deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Minute)
		for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
			time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
			result, _ := cs.client.QueryDeployJob(jobid)
			if result != nil {
				vm.SetMetadata("password", result.Password)
				return
			}
		}

		// time limit exceeded
		vm.SetMetadata("password", "unknown")
	}()

	return id, nil
}

func (this *Fake) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, imageIdentification string) (string, error) {
	this.CountCreate++
	vm.SetMetadata("addresses", "127.0.0.1:")
	return "fake", nil
}

func (this *Linode) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, imageIdentification string) (string, error) {
	var planID int
	if vm.Plan.Identification != "" {
		planID, _ = strconv.Atoi(vm.Plan.Identification)
	} else {
		var err error
		planID, err = this.findMatchingPlan(vm.Plan)
		if err != nil {
			return "", err
		}
	}
	kernelID, err := this.findKernel()
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	password := utils.Uid(16)

	// create linode
	linodeID, err := this.client.CreateLinode(this.datacenterID, planID)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// create disks
	totalDiskMB := vm.Plan.Storage * 1024
	swapSize := vm.Plan.Ram / 2
	diskSize := totalDiskMB - swapSize

	var diskID int
	imageParts := strings.SplitN(imageIdentification, ":", 2)
	if len(imageParts) != 2 {
		return "", errors.New("malformed image identification: missing colon")
	}
	if imageParts[0] == "distribution" {
		distributionID, _ := strconv.Atoi(imageParts[1])
		diskID, _, err = this.client.CreateDiskFromDistribution(linodeID, "lobster", distributionID, diskSize, password, "")
		if err != nil {
			this.client.DeleteLinode(linodeID, false)
			return "", err
		}
	} else if imageParts[0] == "image" {
		imageID, _ := strconv.Atoi(imageParts[1])
		diskID, _, err = this.client.CreateDiskFromImage(linodeID, "lobster", imageID, diskSize, password, "")
		if err != nil {
			this.client.DeleteLinode(linodeID, false)
			return "", err
		}
	} else {
		return "", errors.New("invalid image type " + imageParts[0])
	}

	vm.SetMetadata("diskid", fmt.Sprintf("%d", diskID))
	vm.SetMetadata("password", password)

	swapID, _, err := this.client.CreateDisk(linodeID, "lobster-swap", "swap", swapSize, linode.CreateDiskOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		this.client.DeleteLinode(linodeID, false)
		return "", err
	}

	configID, err := this.client.CreateConfig(linodeID, kernelID, fmt.Sprintf("lobster-%d", vm.Id), []int{diskID, swapID}, linode.CreateConfigOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		this.client.DeleteLinode(linodeID, false)
		return "", err
	} else {
		vm.SetMetadata("configid", fmt.Sprintf("%d", configID))
		this.client.BootLinode(linodeID)
		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", linodeID), nil
	}
}

func (this *OpenStack) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, options *lobster.VMIVmCreateOptions) (string, error) {
	flavorID := vm.Plan.Identification
	if flavorID == "" {
		flavorOpts := flavors.ListOpts{
			MinDisk: vm.Plan.Storage,
			MinRAM:  vm.Plan.Ram,
		}
		flavorPager := flavors.ListDetail(this.ComputeClient, flavorOpts)
		var matchFlavor *flavors.Flavor
		err := flavorPager.EachPage(func(page pagination.Page) (bool, error) {
			flavorList, err := flavors.ExtractFlavors(page)
			if err != nil {
				return false, err
			}

			for _, flavor := range flavorList {
				if flavor.Disk == vm.Plan.Storage && flavor.RAM == vm.Plan.Ram && flavor.VCPUs == vm.Plan.Cpu {
					matchFlavor = &flavor
					return false, nil
				}
			}
			return true, nil
		})
		if err != nil {
			return "", err
		} else if matchFlavor == nil {
			return "", errors.New("plan not available in this region")
		}
		flavorID = matchFlavor.ID
	}

	password := utils.Uid(16)
	opts := servers.CreateOpts{
		Name:      vm.Name,
		ImageRef:  options.ImageIdentification,
		FlavorRef: flavorID,
		Networks:  []servers.Network{{UUID: this.networkId}},
		AdminPass: password,
		UserData:  []byte("#cloud-config\npassword: " + password + "\nchpasswd: { expire: False }\nssh_pwauth: True\n"),
	}
	createResult := servers.Create(this.ComputeClient, opts)
	server, err := createResult.Extract()
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// try to associate floating IP with this VM
	// do asynchronously since it might fail until network port is created
	go func() {
		for try := 0; try < 6; try++ {
			time.Sleep(4 * time.Second)

			// find a free floating IP
			var freeFloatingIp *floatingip.FloatingIP
			err := floatingip.List(this.ComputeClient).EachPage(func(page pagination.Page) (bool, error) {
				floatingIps, err := floatingip.ExtractFloatingIPs(page)
				if err != nil {
					return false, err
				}

				for _, floatingIp := range floatingIps {
					if floatingIp.InstanceID == "" {
						freeFloatingIp = &floatingIp
						return false, nil
					}
				}
				return true, nil
			})
			if err != nil {
				log.Printf("OpenStack: error while looking for free floating IP: %s", err.Error())
				continue
			} else if freeFloatingIp == nil {
				log.Printf("OpenStack: Did not find free floating IP!")
				continue
			}

			// associate it
			err = floatingip.Associate(this.ComputeClient, server.ID, freeFloatingIp.IP).ExtractErr()
			if err == nil {
				break
			} else {
				log.Printf("OpenStack: error while associating floating IP: %s", err.Error())
			}
		}
	}()

	vm.SetMetadata("password", password)
	return server.ID, nil
}

func (this *Fake) VmCreate(vm *lobster.VirtualMachine, options *lobster.VMIVmCreateOptions) (string, error) {
	this.CountCreate++
	vm.SetMetadata("addresses", "127.0.0.1:")
	return "fake", nil
}