func applyDefaults(pod *api.Pod, url string) error {
	if len(pod.UID) == 0 {
		hasher := md5.New()
		fmt.Fprintf(hasher, "url:%s", url)
		util.DeepHashObject(hasher, pod)
		pod.UID = types.UID(hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil)[0:]))
		glog.V(5).Infof("Generated UID %q for pod %q from URL %s", pod.UID, pod.Name, url)
	}
	// This is required for backward compatibility, and should be removed once we
	// completely deprecate ContainerManifest.
	var err error
	if len(pod.Name) == 0 {
		pod.Name = string(pod.UID)
	}
	pod.Name, err = GeneratePodName(pod.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	glog.V(5).Infof("Generated Name %q for UID %q from URL %s", pod.Name, pod.UID, url)

	// Always overrides the namespace.
	pod.Namespace = kubelet.NamespaceDefault
	glog.V(5).Infof("Using namespace %q for pod %q from URL %s", pod.Namespace, pod.Name, url)
	return nil
}

func applyDefaults(pod *api.Pod, source string, isFile bool, nodeName string) error {
	if len(pod.UID) == 0 {
		hasher := md5.New()
		if isFile {
			fmt.Fprintf(hasher, "host:%s", nodeName)
			fmt.Fprintf(hasher, "file:%s", source)
		} else {
			fmt.Fprintf(hasher, "url:%s", source)
		}
		util.DeepHashObject(hasher, pod)
		pod.UID = types.UID(hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil)[0:]))
		glog.V(5).Infof("Generated UID %q pod %q from %s", pod.UID, pod.Name, source)
	}

	// This is required for backward compatibility, and should be removed once we
	// completely deprecate ContainerManifest.
	if len(pod.Name) == 0 {
		pod.Name = string(pod.UID)
	}
	pod.Name = generatePodName(pod.Name, nodeName)
	glog.V(5).Infof("Generated Name %q for UID %q from URL %s", pod.Name, pod.UID, source)

	if pod.Namespace == "" {
		pod.Namespace = kubelet.NamespaceDefault
	}
	glog.V(5).Infof("Using namespace %q for pod %q from %s", pod.Namespace, pod.Name, source)

	// Set the Host field to indicate this pod is scheduled on the current node.
	pod.Spec.NodeName = nodeName

	pod.ObjectMeta.SelfLink = getSelfLink(pod.Name, pod.Namespace)
	return nil
}

// annotateForExecutorOnSlave sets the BindingHostKey annotation which
// marks the pod to be processed by the scheduler and launched as a Mesos
// task. The executor on the slave will to the final binding to finish the
// scheduling in the kubernetes sense.
func annotateForExecutorOnSlave(pod *api.Pod, slave string) {
	if pod.Annotations == nil {
		pod.Annotations = make(map[string]string)
	} else {
		oemAnn := pod.Annotations
		pod.Annotations = make(map[string]string)
		for k, v := range oemAnn {
			pod.Annotations[k] = v
		}
	}
	pod.Annotations[annotation.BindingHostKey] = slave
}

// ToAPIPod converts Pod to api.Pod. Note that if a field in api.Pod has no
// corresponding field in Pod, the field would not be populated.
func (p *Pod) ToAPIPod() *api.Pod {
	var pod api.Pod
	pod.UID = p.ID
	pod.Name = p.Name
	pod.Namespace = p.Namespace
	pod.Status = p.Status

	for _, c := range p.Containers {
		var container api.Container
		container.Name = c.Name
		container.Image = c.Image
		pod.Spec.Containers = append(pod.Spec.Containers, container)
	}
	return &pod
}

// ValidatePodUpdate tests to see if the update is legal for an end user to make. newPod is updated with fields
// that cannot be changed.
func ValidatePodUpdate(newPod, oldPod *api.Pod) errs.ValidationErrorList {
	allErrs := errs.ValidationErrorList{}

	allErrs = append(allErrs, ValidateObjectMetaUpdate(&oldPod.ObjectMeta, &newPod.ObjectMeta).Prefix("metadata")...)

	if len(newPod.Spec.Containers) != len(oldPod.Spec.Containers) {
		allErrs = append(allErrs, errs.NewFieldInvalid("spec.containers", newPod.Spec.Containers, "may not add or remove containers"))
		return allErrs
	}
	pod := *newPod
	// Tricky, we need to copy the container list so that we don't overwrite the update
	var newContainers []api.Container
	for ix, container := range pod.Spec.Containers {
		container.Image = oldPod.Spec.Containers[ix].Image
		newContainers = append(newContainers, container)
	}
	pod.Spec.Containers = newContainers
	if !api.Semantic.DeepEqual(pod.Spec, oldPod.Spec) {
		// TODO: a better error would include all immutable fields explicitly.
		allErrs = append(allErrs, errs.NewFieldInvalid("spec.containers", newPod.Spec.Containers, "some fields are immutable"))
	}

	newPod.Status = oldPod.Status
	return allErrs
}

func agedPod(namespace, name string, phase kapi.PodPhase, ageInMinutes int64, containerImages ...string) kapi.Pod {
	pod := kapi.Pod{
		ObjectMeta: kapi.ObjectMeta{
			Namespace: namespace,
			Name:      name,
		},
		Spec: podSpec(containerImages...),
		Status: kapi.PodStatus{
			Phase: phase,
		},
	}

	if ageInMinutes >= 0 {
		pod.CreationTimestamp = util.NewTime(util.Now().Add(time.Duration(-1*ageInMinutes) * time.Minute))
	}

	return pod
}

func TestExtractJson(t *testing.T) {
	mockRegistry := MockPodRegistry{}
	storage := PodRegistryStorage{
		registry: &mockRegistry,
	}
	pod := api.Pod{
		JSONBase: api.JSONBase{
			ID: "foo",
		},
	}
	body, err := json.Marshal(pod)
	expectNoError(t, err)
	podOut, err := storage.Extract(string(body))
	expectNoError(t, err)
	// Extract adds in a kind
	pod.Kind = "cluster#pod"
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(pod, podOut) {
		t.Errorf("Expected %#v, found %#v", pod, podOut)
	}
}

func (f *typeBasedFactoryStrategy) CreateBuildPod(build *buildapi.Build) (*kapi.Pod, error) {
	var pod *kapi.Pod
	var err error
	switch build.Parameters.Strategy.Type {
	case buildapi.DockerBuildStrategyType:
		pod, err = f.DockerBuildStrategy.CreateBuildPod(build)
	case buildapi.SourceBuildStrategyType:
		pod, err = f.SourceBuildStrategy.CreateBuildPod(build)
	case buildapi.CustomBuildStrategyType:
		pod, err = f.CustomBuildStrategy.CreateBuildPod(build)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no supported build strategy defined for Build %s/%s with type %s", build.Namespace, build.Name, build.Parameters.Strategy.Type)
	}
	if pod != nil {
		if pod.Annotations == nil {
			pod.Annotations = map[string]string{}
		}
		pod.Annotations[buildapi.BuildAnnotation] = build.Name
	}
	return pod, err
}

// ValidatePodStatusUpdate tests to see if the update is legal for an end user to make. newPod is updated with fields
// that cannot be changed.
func ValidatePodStatusUpdate(newPod, oldPod *api.Pod) errs.ValidationErrorList {
	allErrs := errs.ValidationErrorList{}

	allErrs = append(allErrs, ValidateObjectMetaUpdate(&oldPod.ObjectMeta, &newPod.ObjectMeta).Prefix("metadata")...)

	// TODO: allow change when bindings are properly decoupled from pods
	if newPod.Status.Host != oldPod.Status.Host {
		allErrs = append(allErrs, errs.NewFieldInvalid("status.host", newPod.Status.Host, "pod host cannot be changed directly"))
	}

	// For status update we ignore changes to pod spec.
	newPod.Spec = oldPod.Spec

	return allErrs
}

func (c *Controller) updateInstanceMetadata(
	pod *api.Pod, nic *types.VirtualMachineInterface, address, gateway string) {
	doUpdate := false

	if pod.Annotations == nil {
		pod.Annotations = make(map[string]string)
		doUpdate = true
	}

	if updateElement(pod.Annotations, "nic_uuid", nic.GetUuid()) {
		doUpdate = true
	}
	var mac_address string
	addressArr := nic.GetVirtualMachineInterfaceMacAddresses()
	if len(addressArr.MacAddress) > 0 {
		mac_address = addressArr.MacAddress[0]
	} else {
		glog.Errorf("interface %s: no mac-addresses", nic.GetName())
	}
	if updateElement(pod.Annotations, "mac_address", mac_address) {
		doUpdate = true
	}
	if updateElement(pod.Annotations, "ip_address", address) {
		doUpdate = true
	}
	if updateElement(pod.Annotations, "gateway", gateway) {
		doUpdate = true
	}
	if !doUpdate {
		return
	}

	_, err := c.kube.Pods(pod.Namespace).Update(pod)
	if err != nil {
		// Update will return an error if the pod object that we are
		// working with is stale.
		glog.Infof("Pod Update %s: %v", pod.Name, err)
	}
}

func (storage *PodRegistryStorage) Extract(body string) (interface{}, error) {
	pod := api.Pod{}
	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &pod)
	pod.Kind = "cluster#pod"
	return pod, err
}

func extractFromFile(filename string) (api.Pod, error) {
	var pod api.Pod

	glog.V(3).Infof("Reading config file %q", filename)
	file, err := os.Open(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return pod, err
	}
	defer file.Close()

	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
	if err != nil {
		return pod, err
	}

	// TODO: use api.Scheme.DecodeInto
	// This is awful.  DecodeInto() expects to find an APIObject, which
	// Manifest is not.  We keep reading manifest for now for compat, but
	// we will eventually change it to read Pod (at which point this all
	// becomes nicer).  Until then, we assert that the ContainerManifest
	// structure on disk is always v1beta1.  Read that, convert it to a
	// "current" ContainerManifest (should be ~identical), then convert
	// that to a Pod (which is a well-understood conversion).  This
	// avoids writing a v1beta1.ContainerManifest -> api.Pod
	// conversion which would be identical to the api.ContainerManifest ->
	// api.Pod conversion.
	oldManifest := &v1beta1.ContainerManifest{}
	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, oldManifest); err != nil {
		return pod, fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal file %q: %v", filename, err)
	}
	newManifest := &api.ContainerManifest{}
	if err := api.Scheme.Convert(oldManifest, newManifest); err != nil {
		return pod, fmt.Errorf("can't convert pod from file %q: %v", filename, err)
	}
	if err := api.Scheme.Convert(newManifest, &pod); err != nil {
		return pod, fmt.Errorf("can't convert pod from file %q: %v", filename, err)
	}

	hostname, err := os.Hostname() //TODO: kubelet name would be better
	if err != nil {
		return pod, err
	}
	hostname = strings.ToLower(hostname)

	if len(pod.UID) == 0 {
		hasher := md5.New()
		fmt.Fprintf(hasher, "host:%s", hostname)
		fmt.Fprintf(hasher, "file:%s", filename)
		util.DeepHashObject(hasher, pod)
		pod.UID = types.UID(hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil)[0:]))
		glog.V(5).Infof("Generated UID %q for pod %q from file %s", pod.UID, pod.Name, filename)
	}
	// This is required for backward compatibility, and should be removed once we
	// completely deprecate ContainerManifest.
	if len(pod.Name) == 0 {
		pod.Name = string(pod.UID)
	}
	if pod.Name, err = GeneratePodName(pod.Name); err != nil {
		return pod, err
	}
	glog.V(5).Infof("Generated Name %q for UID %q from file %s", pod.Name, pod.UID, filename)

	// Always overrides the namespace provided by the file.
	pod.Namespace = kubelet.NamespaceDefault
	glog.V(5).Infof("Using namespace %q for pod %q from file %s", pod.Namespace, pod.Name, filename)

	// TODO(dchen1107): BoundPod is not type of runtime.Object. Once we allow kubelet talks
	// about Pod directly, we can use SelfLinker defined in package: latest
	// Currently just simply follow the same format in resthandler.go
	pod.ObjectMeta.SelfLink = fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1beta2/pods/%s?namespace=%s",
		pod.Name, pod.Namespace)

	if glog.V(4) {
		glog.Infof("Got pod from file %q: %#v", filename, pod)
	} else {
		glog.V(5).Infof("Got pod from file %q: %s.%s (%s)", filename, pod.Namespace, pod.Name, pod.UID)
	}
	return pod, nil
}

func TestGetRestartCount(t *testing.T) {
	dm, fakeDocker := newTestDockerManager()
	containers := []api.Container{
		{Name: "bar"},
	}
	pod := api.Pod{
		ObjectMeta: api.ObjectMeta{
			UID:       "12345678",
			Name:      "foo",
			Namespace: "new",
		},
		Spec: api.PodSpec{
			Containers: containers,
		},
	}

	// format is // k8s_<container-id>_<pod-fullname>_<pod-uid>
	names := []string{"/k8s_bar." + strconv.FormatUint(kubecontainer.HashContainer(&containers[0]), 16) + "_foo_new_12345678_0"}
	currTime := time.Now()
	containerMap := map[string]*docker.Container{
		"1234": {
			ID:     "1234",
			Name:   "bar",
			Config: &docker.Config{},
			State: docker.State{
				ExitCode:   42,
				StartedAt:  currTime.Add(-60 * time.Second),
				FinishedAt: currTime.Add(-60 * time.Second),
			},
		},
		"5678": {
			ID:     "5678",
			Name:   "bar",
			Config: &docker.Config{},
			State: docker.State{
				ExitCode:   42,
				StartedAt:  currTime.Add(-30 * time.Second),
				FinishedAt: currTime.Add(-30 * time.Second),
			},
		},
		"9101": {
			ID:     "9101",
			Name:   "bar",
			Config: &docker.Config{},
			State: docker.State{
				ExitCode:   42,
				StartedAt:  currTime.Add(30 * time.Minute),
				FinishedAt: currTime.Add(30 * time.Minute),
			},
		},
	}
	fakeDocker.ContainerMap = containerMap

	// Helper function for verifying the restart count.
	verifyRestartCount := func(pod *api.Pod, expectedCount int) api.PodStatus {
		status, err := dm.GetPodStatus(pod)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("unexpected error %v", err)
		}
		restartCount := status.ContainerStatuses[0].RestartCount
		if restartCount != expectedCount {
			t.Errorf("expected %d restart count, got %d", expectedCount, restartCount)
		}
		return *status
	}

	// Container "bar" has failed twice; create two dead docker containers.
	// TODO: container lists are expected to be sorted reversely by time.
	// We should fix FakeDockerClient to sort the list before returning.
	fakeDocker.ExitedContainerList = []docker.APIContainers{{Names: names, ID: "5678"}, {Names: names, ID: "1234"}}
	pod.Status = verifyRestartCount(&pod, 1)

	// Found a new dead container. The restart count should be incremented.
	fakeDocker.ExitedContainerList = []docker.APIContainers{
		{Names: names, ID: "9101"}, {Names: names, ID: "5678"}, {Names: names, ID: "1234"}}
	pod.Status = verifyRestartCount(&pod, 2)

	// All dead containers have been GC'd. The restart count should persist
	// (i.e., remain the same).
	fakeDocker.ExitedContainerList = []docker.APIContainers{}
	verifyRestartCount(&pod, 2)
}