string string1 = "This is a string created by assignment.";
Console.WriteLine(string1);
string string2a = "The path is C:\\PublicDocuments\\Report1.doc";
Console.WriteLine(string2a);
string string2b = @"The path is C:\PublicDocuments\Report1.doc";
Console.WriteLine(string2b);

char[] chars = { 'w', 'o', 'r', 'd' };
sbyte[] bytes = { 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x00 };

// Create a string from a character array.
string string1 = new string(chars);
Console.WriteLine(string1);

// Create a string that consists of a character repeated 20 times.
string string2 = new string('c', 20);
Console.WriteLine(string2);

string stringFromBytes = null;
string stringFromChars = null;
unsafe
{
   fixed (sbyte* pbytes = bytes)
   {
      // Create a string from a pointer to a signed byte array.
      stringFromBytes = new string(pbytes);
   }
   fixed (char* pchars = chars)
   {
      // Create a string from a pointer to a character array.
      stringFromChars = new string(pchars);
   }
}
Console.WriteLine(stringFromBytes);
Console.WriteLine(stringFromChars);

string string1 = "Today is " + DateTime.Now.ToString("D") + ".";
Console.WriteLine(string1);

string string2 = "This is one sentence. " + "This is a second. ";
string2 += "This is a third sentence.";
Console.WriteLine(string2);

string sentence = "This sentence has five words.";
// Extract the second word.
int startPosition = sentence.IndexOf(" ") + 1;
string word2 = sentence.Substring(startPosition,
                                  sentence.IndexOf(" ", startPosition) - startPosition);
Console.WriteLine("Second word: " + word2);

DateTime dateAndTime = new DateTime(2011, 7, 6, 7, 32, 0);
double temperature = 68.3;
string result = String.Format("At {0:t} on {0:D}, the temperature was {1:F1} degrees Fahrenheit.",
                              dateAndTime, temperature);
Console.WriteLine(result);

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@".\graphemes.txt");
      string grapheme = "\u0061\u0308";
      sw.WriteLine(grapheme);
      
      string singleChar = "\u00e4";
      sw.WriteLine(singleChar);
            
      sw.WriteLine("{0} = {1} (Culture-sensitive): {2}", grapheme, singleChar, 
                   String.Equals(grapheme, singleChar, 
                                 StringComparison.CurrentCulture));
      sw.WriteLine("{0} = {1} (Ordinal): {2}", grapheme, singleChar, 
                   String.Equals(grapheme, singleChar, 
                                 StringComparison.Ordinal));
      sw.WriteLine("{0} = {1} (Normalized Ordinal): {2}", grapheme, singleChar, 
                   String.Equals(grapheme.Normalize(), 
                                 singleChar.Normalize(), 
                                 StringComparison.Ordinal));
      sw.Close(); 
   }
}

string surrogate = "\uD800\uDC03";
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < surrogate.Length; ctr++) 
   Console.Write("U+{0:X2} ", Convert.ToUInt16(surrogate[ctr]));

Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("   Is Surrogate Pair: {0}", 
                  Char.IsSurrogatePair(surrogate[0], surrogate[1]));

string s1 = "This string consists of a single short sentence.";
int nWords = 0;

s1 = s1.Trim();      
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < s1.Length; ctr++) {
   if (Char.IsPunctuation(s1[ctr]) | Char.IsWhiteSpace(s1[ctr]))
      nWords++;              
}
Console.WriteLine("The sentence\n   {0}\nhas {1} words.",
                  s1, nWords);

string s1 = "This string consists of a single short sentence.";
int nWords = 0;

s1 = s1.Trim();      
foreach (var ch in s1) {
   if (Char.IsPunctuation(ch) | Char.IsWhiteSpace(ch))
      nWords++;              
}
Console.WriteLine("The sentence\n   {0}\nhas {1} words.",
                  s1, nWords);

// First sentence of The Mystery of the Yellow Room, by Leroux.
string opening = "Ce n'est pas sans une certaine émotion que "+
                 "je commence à raconter ici les aventures " +
                 "extraordinaires de Joseph Rouletabille."; 
// Character counters.
int nChars = 0;
// Objects to store word count.
List<int> chars = new List<int>();
List<int> elements = new List<int>();

foreach (var ch in opening) {
   // Skip the ' character.
   if (ch == '\u0027') continue;
        
   if (Char.IsWhiteSpace(ch) | (Char.IsPunctuation(ch))) {
      chars.Add(nChars);
      nChars = 0;
   }
   else {
      nChars++;
   }
}

System.Globalization.TextElementEnumerator te = 
   System.Globalization.StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(opening);
while (te.MoveNext()) {
   string s = te.GetTextElement();   
   // Skip the ' character.
   if (s == "\u0027") continue;
   if ( String.IsNullOrEmpty(s.Trim()) | (s.Length == 1 && Char.IsPunctuation(Convert.ToChar(s)))) {
      elements.Add(nChars);         
      nChars = 0;
   }
   else {
      nChars++;
   }
}

// Display character counts.
Console.WriteLine("{0,6} {1,20} {2,20}",
                  "Word #", "Char Objects", "Characters"); 
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < chars.Count; ctr++) 
   Console.WriteLine("{0,6} {1,20} {2,20}",
                     ctr, chars[ctr], elements[ctr]);

public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider provider) 
{
   if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(format)) format = "G";  
   if (provider == null) provider = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
   
   switch (format.ToUpperInvariant())
   {
      // Return degrees in Celsius.    
      case "G":
      case "C":
         return temp.ToString("F2", provider) + "°C";
      // Return degrees in Fahrenheit.
      case "F": 
         return (temp * 9 / 5 + 32).ToString("F2", provider) + "°F";
      // Return degrees in Kelvin.
      case "K":   
         return (temp + 273.15).ToString();
      default:
         throw new FormatException(
               String.Format("The {0} format string is not supported.", 
                             format));
   }                                   
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      Random rnd = new Random();
      
      string str = String.Empty;
      StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@".\StringFile.txt", 
                           false, Encoding.Unicode);

      for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 1000; ctr++) {
         str += Convert.ToChar(rnd.Next(1, 0x0530)); 
         if (str.Length % 60 == 0)
            str += Environment.NewLine;          
      }                    
      sw.Write(str);
      sw.Close();
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      Random rnd = new Random();
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@".\StringFile.txt", 
                                         false, Encoding.Unicode);

      for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 1000; ctr++) {
         sb.Append(Convert.ToChar(rnd.Next(1, 0x0530))); 
         if (sb.Length % 60 == 0)
            sb.AppendLine();          
      }                    
      sw.Write(sb.ToString());
      sw.Close();
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Threading;

public class Example
{
   const string disallowed = "file";
   
   public static void Main()
   {
      IsAccessAllowed(@"FILE:\\\c:\users\user001\documents\FinancialInfo.txt");
   }

   private static void IsAccessAllowed(String resource)
   {
      CultureInfo[] cultures = { CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-US"),
                                 CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("tr-TR") };
      String scheme = null;
      int index = resource.IndexOfAny( new Char[] { '\\', '/' } );
      if (index > 0) 
         scheme = resource.Substring(0, index - 1);

      // Change the current culture and perform the comparison.
      foreach (var culture in cultures) {
         Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = culture;
         Console.WriteLine("Culture: {0}", CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.DisplayName);
         Console.WriteLine(resource);
         Console.WriteLine("Access allowed: {0}", 
                           ! String.Equals(disallowed, scheme, StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase));      
         Console.WriteLine();
      }   
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@".\case.txt");   
      string[] words = { "file", "sıfır", "Dženana" };
      CultureInfo[] cultures = { CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, 
                                 new CultureInfo("en-US"),  
                                 new CultureInfo("tr-TR") };

      foreach (var word in words) {
         sw.WriteLine("{0}:", word);
         foreach (var culture in cultures) {
            string name = String.IsNullOrEmpty(culture.Name) ? 
                                 "Invariant" : culture.Name;
            string upperWord = word.ToUpper(culture);
            sw.WriteLine("   {0,10}: {1,7} {2, 38}", name, 
                         upperWord, ShowHexValue(upperWord));
         }
         sw.WriteLine();  
      }
      sw.Close();
   }

   private static string ShowHexValue(string s)
   {
      string retval = null;
      foreach (var ch in s) {
         byte[] bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(ch);
         retval += String.Format("{0:X2} {1:X2} ", bytes[1], bytes[0]);     
      }
      return retval;
   } 
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      DateTime date = new DateTime(2011, 3, 1);
      CultureInfo[] cultures = { CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, 
                                 new CultureInfo("en-US"), 
                                 new CultureInfo("fr-FR") };

      foreach (var culture in cultures)
         Console.WriteLine("{0,-12} {1}", String.IsNullOrEmpty(culture.Name) ?
                           "Invariant" : culture.Name, 
                           date.ToString("d", culture));                                    
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      string dateString = "07/10/2011";
      CultureInfo[] cultures = { CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, 
                                 CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-GB"), 
                                 CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-US") };
      Console.WriteLine("{0,-12} {1,10} {2,8} {3,8}\n", "Date String", "Culture", 
                                                 "Month", "Day");
      foreach (var culture in cultures) {
         DateTime date = DateTime.Parse(dateString, culture);
         Console.WriteLine("{0,-12} {1,10} {2,8} {3,8}", dateString, 
                           String.IsNullOrEmpty(culture.Name) ?
                           "Invariant" : culture.Name, 
                           date.Month, date.Day);
      }                      
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Threading;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-US");
      Console.WriteLine(String.Compare("A", "a", StringComparison.CurrentCulture));
      Console.WriteLine(String.Compare("A", "a", StringComparison.Ordinal));
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Threading;

public class CompareStringSample
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      string str1 = "Apple";
      string str2 = "Æble"; 
      string str3 = "AEble";
      
      // Set the current culture to Danish in Denmark.
      Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = new CultureInfo("da-DK");
      Console.WriteLine("Current culture: {0}", 
                        CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.Name);
      Console.WriteLine("Comparison of {0} with {1}: {2}", 
                        str1, str2, String.Compare(str1, str2));
      Console.WriteLine("Comparison of {0} with {1}: {2}\n", 
                        str2, str3, String.Compare(str2, str3));
      
      // Set the current culture to English in the U.S.
      Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = new CultureInfo("en-US");
      Console.WriteLine("Current culture: {0}", 
                        CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.Name);
      Console.WriteLine("Comparison of {0} with {1}: {2}", 
                        str1, str2, String.Compare(str1, str2));
      Console.WriteLine("Comparison of {0} with {1}: {2}\n", 
                        str2, str3, String.Compare(str2, str3));
      
      // Perform an ordinal comparison.
      Console.WriteLine("Ordinal comparison");
      Console.WriteLine("Comparison of {0} with {1}: {2}", 
                        str1, str2, 
                        String.Compare(str1, str2, StringComparison.Ordinal));
      Console.WriteLine("Comparison of {0} with {1}: {2}", 
                        str2, str3, 
                        String.Compare(str2, str3, StringComparison.Ordinal));
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
 
public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      string[] strings = { "coop", "co-op", "cooperative", 
                           "co\u00ADoperative", "cœur", "coeur" };

      // Perform a word sort using the current (en-US) culture.
      string[] current = new string[strings.Length]; 
      strings.CopyTo(current, 0); 
      Array.Sort(current, StringComparer.CurrentCulture);

      // Perform a word sort using the invariant culture.
      string[] invariant = new string[strings.Length];
      strings.CopyTo(invariant, 0); 
      Array.Sort(invariant, StringComparer.InvariantCulture);

      // Perform an ordinal sort.
      string[] ordinal = new string[strings.Length];
      strings.CopyTo(ordinal, 0); 
      Array.Sort(ordinal, StringComparer.Ordinal);

      // Perform a string sort using the current culture.
      string[] stringSort = new string[strings.Length];
      strings.CopyTo(stringSort, 0); 
      Array.Sort(stringSort, new SCompare());

      // Display array values
      Console.WriteLine("{0,13} {1,13} {2,15} {3,13} {4,13}\n", 
                        "Original", "Word Sort", "Invariant Word", 
                        "Ordinal Sort", "String Sort");
      for (int ctr = 0; ctr < strings.Length; ctr++)
         Console.WriteLine("{0,13} {1,13} {2,15} {3,13} {4,13}", 
                           strings[ctr], current[ctr], invariant[ctr], 
                           ordinal[ctr], stringSort[ctr] );          
   }
}

// IComparer<String> implementation to perform string sort.
internal class SCompare : IComparer<String>
{
   public int Compare(string x, string y)
   {
      return CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.CompareInfo.Compare(x, y, CompareOptions.StringSort);
   }
}