def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        if key == "":
            from pyLibrary.debugs.logs import Log

            Log.error("key is empty string.  Probably a bad idea")
        if key == ".":
            # SOMETHING TERRIBLE HAPPENS WHEN value IS NOT A Mapping;
            # HOPEFULLY THE ONLY OTHER METHOD RUN ON self IS unwrap()
            v = unwrap(value)
            _set(self, "_dict", v)
            return v
        if isinstance(key, str):
            key = key.decode("utf8")

        try:
            d = _get(self, "_dict")
            value = unwrap(value)
            if key.find(".") == -1:
                if value is None:
                    d.pop(key, None)
                else:
                    d[key] = value
                return self

            seq = _split_field(key)
            for k in seq[:-1]:
                d = _getdefault(d, k)
            if value == None:
                d.pop(seq[-1], None)
            else:
                d[seq[-1]] = value
            return self
        except Exception, e:
            raise e

    def extend(self, records):
        """
        JUST SO WE MODEL A Queue
        """
        records = {v["id"]: v["value"] for v in records}

        unwrap(self.data).update(records)

        data_as_json = convert.value2json(self.data, pretty=True)

        File(self.filename).write(data_as_json)
        Log.note("{{num}} documents added",  num= len(records))

    def error(
        cls,
        template,  # human readable template
        default_params={},  # parameters for template
        cause=None,  # pausible cause
        stack_depth=0,
        **more_params
    ):
        """
        raise an exception with a trace for the cause too
        """
        if default_params and isinstance(listwrap(default_params)[0], BaseException):
            cause = default_params
            default_params = {}

        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)

        add_to_trace = False
        cause = unwraplist([Except.wrap(c, stack_depth=1) for c in listwrap(cause)])
        trace = extract_stack(stack_depth + 1)

        if add_to_trace:
            cause[0].trace.extend(trace[1:])

        e = Except(ERROR, template, params, cause, trace)
        raise e

def dict2Multiset(dic):
    if dic == None:
        return None

    output = Multiset()
    output.dic = unwrap(dic).copy()
    return output

    def unexpected(
        cls,
        template,
        default_params={},
        cause=None,
        stack_depth=0,
        log_context=None,
        **more_params
    ):
        if isinstance(default_params, BaseException):
            cause = default_params
            default_params = {}

        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)

        if cause and not isinstance(cause, Except):
            cause = Except(UNEXPECTED, unicode(cause), trace=_extract_traceback(0))

        trace = extract_stack(1)
        e = Except(UNEXPECTED, template, params, cause, trace)
        Log.note(
            "{{error}}",
            error=e,
            log_context=set_default({"context": WARNING}, log_context),
            stack_depth=stack_depth + 1
        )

def tuple(data, field_name):
    """
    RETURN LIST  OF TUPLES
    """
    if isinstance(data, Cube):
        Log.error("not supported yet")

    if isinstance(data, FlatList):
        Log.error("not supported yet")

    if isinstance(field_name, Mapping) and "value" in field_name:
        # SIMPLIFY {"value":value} AS STRING
        field_name = field_name["value"]

    # SIMPLE PYTHON ITERABLE ASSUMED
    if isinstance(field_name, basestring):
        if len(split_field(field_name)) == 1:
            return [(d[field_name],) for d in data]
        else:
            path = split_field(field_name)
            output = []
            flat_list._tuple1(data, path, 0, output)
            return output
    elif isinstance(field_name, list):
        paths = [_select_a_field(f) for f in field_name]
        output = DictList()
        _tuple((), unwrap(data), paths, 0, output)
        return output
    else:
        paths = [_select_a_field(field_name)]
        output = DictList()
        _tuple((), data, paths, 0, output)
        return output

    def test_request(self):
        # MAKE SOME DATA
        data = {
            "constant": "this is a test",
            "random-data": convert.bytes2base64(Random.bytes(100))
        }

        client = Client(settings.url, unwrap(settings.hawk))  # unwrap() DUE TO BUG https://github.com/kumar303/mohawk/issues/21
        link, id = client.send(data)
        Log.note("Success!  Located at {{link}} id={{id}}", link=link, id=id)

        # FILL THE REST OF THE FILE
        Log.note("Add ing {{num}} more...", num=99-id)
        for i in range(id + 1, storage.BATCH_SIZE):
            l, k = client.send(data)
            if l != link:
                Log.error("Expecting rest of data to have same link")

        # TEST LINK HAS DATA
        raw_content = requests.get(link).content
        content = convert.zip2bytes(raw_content)
        for line in convert.utf82unicode(content).split("\n"):
            data = convert.json2value(line)
            if data.etl.id == id:
                Log.note("Data {{id}} found", id=id)
                break
        else:
            Log.error("Expecting to find data at link")

    def unexpected(
        cls,
        template,
        default_params={},
        cause=None,
        stack_depth=0,
        log_context=None,
        **more_params
    ):
        """
        :param template: *string* human readable string with placeholders for parameters
        :param default_params: *dict* parameters to fill in template
        :param cause: *Exception* for chaining
        :param stack_depth:  *int* how many calls you want popped off the stack to report the *true* caller
        :param log_context: *dict* extra key:value pairs for your convenience
        :param more_params: *any more parameters (which will overwrite default_params)
        :return:
        """
        if isinstance(default_params, BaseException):
            cause = default_params
            default_params = {}

        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)

        if cause and not isinstance(cause, Except):
            cause = Except(exceptions.UNEXPECTED, unicode(cause), trace=exceptions._extract_traceback(0))

        trace = exceptions.extract_stack(1)
        e = Except(exceptions.UNEXPECTED, template, params, cause, trace)
        Log.note(
            "{{error}}",
            error=e,
            log_context=set_default({"context": exceptions.WARNING}, log_context),
            stack_depth=stack_depth + 1
        )

    def warning(
        cls,
        template,
        default_params={},
        cause=None,
        stack_depth=0,
        log_context=None,
        **more_params
    ):
        """
        :param template: *string* human readable string with placeholders for parameters
        :param default_params: *dict* parameters to fill in template
        :param cause: *Exception* for chaining
        :param stack_depth:  *int* how many calls you want popped off the stack to report the *true* caller
        :param log_context: *dict* extra key:value pairs for your convenience
        :param more_params: *any more parameters (which will overwrite default_params)
        :return:
        """
        if isinstance(default_params, BaseException):
            cause = default_params
            default_params = {}

        if "values" in more_params.keys():
            Log.error("Can not handle a logging parameter by name `values`")
        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)
        cause = unwraplist([Except.wrap(c) for c in listwrap(cause)])
        trace = exceptions.extract_stack(stack_depth + 1)

        e = Except(exceptions.WARNING, template, params, cause, trace)
        Log.note(
            "{{error|unicode}}",
            error=e,
            log_context=set_default({"context": exceptions.WARNING}, log_context),
            stack_depth=stack_depth + 1
        )

        def post(sql):
            # FIND OUT THE default DOMAIN SIZES
            result = self.db.column_query(sql)
            num_edges = len(edges)
            for e, edge in enumerate(edges):
                domain = edge.domain
                if domain.type == "default":
                    domain.type = "set"
                    parts = set(result[e])
                    domain.partitions = [{"index": i, "value": p} for i, p in enumerate(parts)]
                    domain.map = {p: i for i, p in enumerate(parts)}
                else:
                    Log.error("Do not know what to do here, yet")

            # FILL THE DATA CUBE
            maps = [(unwrap(e.domain.map), result[i]) for i, e in enumerate(edges)]
            cubes = DictList()
            for c, s in enumerate(select):
                data = Matrix(*[len(e.domain.partitions) + (1 if e.allow_nulls else 0) for e in edges])
                for rownum, value in enumerate(result[c + num_edges]):
                    coord = [m[r[rownum]] for m, r in maps]
                    data[coord] = value
                cubes.append(data)

            if isinstance(query.select, list):
                return cubes
            else:
                return cubes[0]

    def note(cls, template, default_params={}, stack_depth=0, **more_params):
        if len(template) > 10000:
            template = template[:10000]

        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)

        log_params = Dict(
            template=template,
            params=params,
            timestamp=datetime.utcnow(),
        )

        if not template.startswith("\n") and template.find("\n") > -1:
            template = "\n" + template

        if cls.trace:
            log_template = "{{timestamp|datetime}} - {{thread.name}} - {{location.file}}:{{location.line}} ({{location.method}}) - " + template.replace("{{", "{{params.")
            f = sys._getframe(stack_depth + 1)
            log_params.location = {
                "line": f.f_lineno,
                "file": f.f_code.co_filename.split(os.sep)[-1],
                "method": f.f_code.co_name
            }
            thread = Thread.current()
            log_params.thread = {"name": thread.name, "id": thread.id}
        else:
            log_template = "{{timestamp|datetime}} - " + template.replace("{{", "{{params.")

        cls.main_log.write(log_template, log_params)

    def error(
        cls,
        template,  # human readable template
        default_params={},  # parameters for template
        cause=None,  # pausible cause
        stack_depth=0,
        **more_params
    ):
        """
        raise an exception with a trace for the cause too

        :param template: *string* human readable string with placeholders for parameters
        :param default_params: *dict* parameters to fill in template
        :param cause: *Exception* for chaining
        :param stack_depth:  *int* how many calls you want popped off the stack to report the *true* caller
        :param log_context: *dict* extra key:value pairs for your convenience
        :param more_params: *any more parameters (which will overwrite default_params)
        :return:
        """
        if default_params and isinstance(listwrap(default_params)[0], BaseException):
            cause = default_params
            default_params = {}

        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)

        add_to_trace = False
        cause = wrap(unwraplist([Except.wrap(c, stack_depth=1) for c in listwrap(cause)]))
        trace = exceptions.extract_stack(stack_depth + 1)

        if add_to_trace:
            cause[0].trace.extend(trace[1:])

        e = Except(exceptions.ERROR, template, params, cause, trace)
        raise e

    def warning(
        cls,
        template,
        default_params={},
        cause=None,
        stack_depth=0,       # stack trace offset (==1 if you do not want to report self)
        **more_params
    ):
        if isinstance(default_params, BaseException):
            cause = default_params
            default_params = {}

        params = dict(unwrap(default_params), **more_params)
        cause = unwraplist([Except.wrap(c) for c in listwrap(cause)])
        trace = extract_stack(stack_depth + 1)

        e = Except(WARNING, template, params, cause, trace)
        Log.note(
            unicode(e),
            {
                "warning": {# REDUNDANT INFO
                    "template": template,
                    "params": params,
                    "cause": cause,
                    "trace": trace
                }
            },
            stack_depth=stack_depth + 1
        )

    def get(self, key):
        """
        simple `select`
        """
        if not _dictwrap:
            _late_import()

        return DictList(vals=[unwrap(coalesce(_dictwrap(v), Null)[key]) for v in _get(self, "list")])

    def select(self, key):
        """
        simple `select`
        """
        if not dictwrap:
            _late_import()

        return DictList(vals=[unwrap(dictwrap(v)[key]) for v in _get(self, "list")])

 def call(self, proc_name, params):
     self._execute_backlog()
     params = [unwrap(v) for v in params]
     try:
         self.cursor.callproc(proc_name, params)
         self.cursor.close()
         self.cursor = self.db.cursor()
     except Exception, e:
         Log.error("Problem calling procedure " + proc_name, e)

def es_fieldop(es, query):
    FromES = es09.util.build_es_query(query)
    select = listwrap(query.select)
    FromES.query = {
        "filtered": {
            "query": {
                "match_all": {}
            },
            "filter": simplify_esfilter(query.where)
        }
    }
    FromES.size = coalesce(query.limit, 200000)
    FromES.fields = DictList()
    for s in select.value:
        if s == "*":
            FromES.fields = None
        elif isinstance(s, list):
            FromES.fields.extend(s)
        elif isinstance(s, Mapping):
            FromES.fields.extend(s.values())
        else:
            FromES.fields.append(s)
    FromES.sort = [{s.field: "asc" if s.sort >= 0 else "desc"} for s in query.sort]

    data = es09.util.post(es, FromES, query.limit)

    T = data.hits.hits
    matricies = {}
    for s in select:
        if s.value == "*":
            matricies[s.name] = Matrix.wrap([t._source for t in T])
        elif isinstance(s.value, Mapping):
            # for k, v in s.value.items():
            #     matricies[join_field(split_field(s.name)+[k])] = Matrix.wrap([unwrap(t.fields)[v] for t in T])
            matricies[s.name] = Matrix.wrap([{k: unwrap(t.fields).get(v, None) for k, v in s.value.items()}for t in T])
        elif isinstance(s.value, list):
            matricies[s.name] = Matrix.wrap([tuple(unwrap(t.fields).get(ss, None) for ss in s.value) for t in T])
        elif not s.value:
            matricies[s.name] = Matrix.wrap([unwrap(t.fields).get(s.value, None) for t in T])
        else:
            try:
                matricies[s.name] = Matrix.wrap([unwrap(t.fields).get(s.value, None) for t in T])
            except Exception, e:
                Log.error("", e)

def _replace_ref(node, url):
    if url.path.endswith("/"):
        url.path = url.path[:-1]

    if isinstance(node, Mapping):
        ref = None
        output = {}
        for k, v in node.items():
            if k == "$ref":
                ref = URL(v)
            else:
                output[k] = _replace_ref(v, url)

        if not ref:
            return output

        node = output

        if not ref.scheme and not ref.path:
            # DO NOT TOUCH LOCAL REF YET
            output["$ref"] = ref
            return output

        if not ref.scheme:
            # SCHEME RELATIVE IMPLIES SAME PROTOCOL AS LAST TIME, WHICH
            # REQUIRES THE CURRENT DOCUMENT'S SCHEME
            ref.scheme = url.scheme

        # FIND THE SCHEME AND LOAD IT
        if ref.scheme in scheme_loaders:
            new_value = scheme_loaders[ref.scheme](ref, url)
        else:
            raise _Log.error("unknown protocol {{scheme}}", scheme=ref.scheme)

        if ref.fragment:
            new_value = dot.get_attr(new_value, ref.fragment)

        if DEBUG:
            _Log.note("Replace {{ref}} with {{new_value}}", ref=ref, new_value=new_value)

        if not output:
            output = new_value
        else:
            output = unwrap(set_default(output, new_value))

        if DEBUG:
            _Log.note("Return {{output}}", output=output)

        return output
    elif isinstance(node, list):
        output = [_replace_ref(n, url) for n in node]
        # if all(p[0] is p[1] for p in zip(output, node)):
        #     return node
        return output

    return node

def argparse(defs):
    parser = _argparse.ArgumentParser()
    for d in listwrap(defs):
        args = d.copy()
        name = args.name
        args.name = None
        parser.add_argument(*unwrap(listwrap(name)), **args)
    namespace = parser.parse_args()
    output = {k: getattr(namespace, k) for k in vars(namespace)}
    return wrap(output)

def reverse(vals):
    # TODO: Test how to do this fastest
    l = len(vals)
    output = [None] * l

    for v in unwrap(vals):
        l -= 1
        output[l] = v

    return wrap(output)