def apply(catalog, goal):
     """
     Apply the goal configuration to live catalog
     """
     print 'applying...'
     counter = 0
     ready = False
     while ready == False:
         try:
             catalog.applyCatalogConfig(goal)
             ready = True
         except HTTPError as err:
             print err
             print err.errno
             if err.errno == CONFLICT:
                 et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
                 print 'Conflict Exception "%s"' % str(ev)
                 counter = counter + 1
                 if counter >= 5:
                     print '%s' % str(traceback.format_exception(et, ev, tb))
                     ready = True
                 else:
                     print 'Retrying...'
         except:
             et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
             print str(et)
             print 'Exception "%s"' % str(ev)
             print '%s' % str(traceback.format_exception(et, ev, tb))
             ready = True

    def process_feed_wrapper(self, feed):
        """ wrapper for ProcessFeed
        """
        start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
        try:
            pfeed = ProcessFeed(feed, self.options)
            ret_feed, ret_entries = pfeed.process()
            del pfeed
        except:
            (etype, eobj, etb) = sys.exc_info()
            print '[%d] ! -------------------------' % (feed.id,)
            print traceback.format_exception(etype, eobj, etb)
            traceback.print_exception(etype, eobj, etb)
            print '[%d] ! -------------------------' % (feed.id,)
            ret_feed = FEED_ERREXC
            ret_entries = {}

        delta = datetime.datetime.now() - start_time
        if delta.seconds > SLOWFEED_WARNING:
            comment = u' (SLOW FEED!)'
        else:
            comment = u''
        prints(u'[%d] Processed %s in %s [%s] [%s]%s' % (
            feed.id, feed.feed_url, unicode(delta),
            self.feed_trans[ret_feed],
            u' '.join(u'%s=%d' % (self.entry_trans[key],
                      ret_entries[key]) for key in self.entry_keys),
            comment))

        self.feed_stats[ret_feed] += 1
        for key, val in ret_entries.items():
            self.entry_stats[key] += val

        return ret_feed, ret_entries

    def _exc_info_to_string(self, err, test):
        """Converts a sys.exc_info()-style tuple of values into a string."""
        exctype, value, tb = err
        # Skip test runner traceback levels
        while tb and self._is_relevant_tb_level(tb):
            tb = tb.tb_next

        if exctype is test.failureException:
            # Skip assert*() traceback levels
            length = self._count_relevant_tb_levels(tb)
            msgLines = traceback.format_exception(exctype, value, tb, length)
        else:
            msgLines = traceback.format_exception(exctype, value, tb)

        if self.buffer:
            output = sys.stdout.getvalue()
            error = sys.stderr.getvalue()
            if output:
                if not output.endswith('\n'):
                    output += '\n'
                msgLines.append(STDOUT_LINE % output)
            if error:
                if not error.endswith('\n'):
                    error += '\n'
                msgLines.append(STDERR_LINE % error)
        return ''.join(msgLines)

 def __printFail(self, test, err):
     elapsed = time.time() - self.startTime
     t, val, trace = err
     if args.testpilot_json:
         print(
             json.dumps(
                 {
                     "op": "test_done",
                     "status": "failed",
                     "test": test.id(),
                     "details": "".join(traceback.format_exception(t, val, trace)),
                     "start_time": self.startTime,
                     "end_time": time.time(),
                 }
             )
         )
     else:
         print(
             "\033[31mFAIL\033[0m %s (%.3fs)%s\n%s"
             % (
                 test.id(),
                 elapsed,
                 self._attempts(),
                 "".join(traceback.format_exception(t, val, trace)),
             )
         )

def build_error_response(e):

    if hasattr(e,'get_stacks'):
        #Process potentially multiple stacks.
        full_error = ''
        for i in range(len(e.get_stacks())):
            full_error += e.get_stacks()[i][0] + "\n"
            if i == 0:
                full_error += string.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()), '')
            else:
                for ln in e.get_stacks()[i][1]:
                    full_error += str(ln)  + "\n"

        exec_name = e.__class__.__name__
    else:
        exc_type, exc_obj, exc_tb = sys.exc_info()
        exec_name = exc_type.__name__
        full_error = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())

    if service_gateway_instance.log_errors:
        log.error(full_error)

    result = {
        GATEWAY_ERROR_EXCEPTION : exec_name,
        GATEWAY_ERROR_MESSAGE : str(e.message),
        GATEWAY_ERROR_TRACE : full_error
    }

    if request.args.has_key(RETURN_FORMAT_PARAM):
        return_format = convert_unicode(request.args[RETURN_FORMAT_PARAM])
        if return_format == RETURN_FORMAT_RAW_JSON:
            return service_gateway_app.response_class(result, mimetype='application/json')

    return json_response({'data': {GATEWAY_ERROR: result }} )

    def run(self):
        """
        Thread main part
        """

##        testlink = threading.Timer(3.0,gprs_source.writeTest)
##        testlink.start()
        while not self.exitEvent.isSet(): 
            asyncore.poll(0.5) # socket IO
            try: ## lower device IO
                for i in self.device: #如果连接网关的本地客户端不为空，那么循环读取数据，发送命令
                    try:
                        pkts = i.readPackets()#返回的就是python字典形式的包
                    except:
                        pass
                    else:
                        if pkts:
                            self.clientMessageSource.setMessage(pkts)
                    command = self.clientMessageSource.getLowerPacket()
                    
                    print "+++++++"+str(command)
                    i.writePackets(command)
 
            except:
                type, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                print traceback.format_exception(type, value, tb)
                pass

def unix_mainloop(repodir, port, logfilename):

    try:
        port = int(port)
    except ValueError:
        port = None

    if not os.path.isdir(repodir):
        sys.stderr.write("Specified directory, %s, is not a directory!\n" % repodir)
        usage()
    elif port is None:
        sys.stderr.write("Bad port number, %s, specified.\n", portnum)
        usage()

    try:
        repo = start_angel(repodir, port, logfilename)
    except:
        sys.stderr.write("%s: exception initializing angel:\n%s" % (
            time.ctime(), ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))))
        sys.exit(1)

    # Finally, start up the server loop!  This loop will not exit until
    # all clients and servers are closed.  You may cleanly shut the system
    # down by sending SIGINT (a.k.a. KeyboardInterrupt).

    from uplib.plibUtil import note
    while True:
        try:
            asyncore.loop()
        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit), x:
            note(4, "Exited from main loop due to exception:\n%s", ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())))
            raise
        except:

    def create_authnrequest(self, environ, server_env, start_response, session, acr_value):
        try:
            client = session.getClient()
            session.setAcrValue(client.authorization_endpoint, acr_value)
            request_args = {
                "response_type": self.flow_type,
                "scope": self.extra["scope"],
                "state":  client.state,
            }

            if acr_value is not None:
                request_args["acr_values"] = acr_value

            if self.flow_type == "token":
                request_args["nonce"] = rndstr(16)
                session.setNonce(request_args["nonce"])
            else:
                use_nonce = getattr(self, "use_nonce", None)
                if use_nonce:
                    request_args["nonce"] = rndstr(16)
                    session.setNonce(request_args["nonce"])


            logger.info("client args: %s" % client.__dict__.items(),)
            logger.info("request_args: %s" % (request_args,))
            # User info claims
        except Exception:
            message = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
            logger.error(message)
            return self.result(environ, start_response, server_env,(False, "Cannot find the OP! Please view your configuration of pyoidc RP."))


        try:
            cis = client.construct_AuthorizationRequest(
                request_args=request_args)
            logger.debug("request: %s" % cis)

            url, body, ht_args, cis = client.uri_and_body(
                AuthorizationRequest, cis, method="GET",
                request_args=request_args)
            logger.debug("body: %s" % body)
        except Exception:
            message = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
            logger.error(message)
            return self.result(environ, start_response, server_env,(False, "Authorization request can not be performed!"))

        logger.info("URL: %s" % url)
        logger.debug("ht_args: %s" % ht_args)

        #session.setAuthn_auth(client.authorization_endpoint)
        #session.setAuthentication("VERIFY")

        #server_env["CACHE"][sid] = session
        session.setClient(client)
        resp_headers = [("Location", str(url))]
        if ht_args:
            resp_headers.extend([(a, b) for a, b in ht_args.items()])
        logger.debug("resp_headers: %s" % resp_headers)
        start_response("302 Found", resp_headers)
        return []

def _format_multiple_exceptions(e, debug=False):
    valid_excs = []
    excs = list(e.args)
    while excs:
        (etype, value, tb) = excs.pop(0)
        if (etype == fixtures.MultipleExceptions):
            excs.extend(value.args)
        elif (etype == fixtures.SetupError):
            continue
        else:
            valid_excs.append((etype, value, tb))

    if len(valid_excs) == 1:
        (etype, value, tb) = valid_excs[0]
        if debug:
            LOG.error("".join(traceback.format_exception(etype, value, tb)))
        else:
            raise value
    else:
        LOG.error("MultipleExceptions raised:")
        for n, (etype, value, tb) in enumerate(valid_excs):
            if debug:
                LOG.error("- exception %d:" % n)
                LOG.error("".join(
                    traceback.format_exception(etype, value, tb)))
            else:
                LOG.error(value)

def log_output(session, path, args, outfile, uploadpath, cwd=None, logerror=0, append=0, chroot=None, env=None):
    """Run command with output redirected.  If chroot is not None, chroot to the directory specified
    before running the command."""
    pid = os.fork()
    fd = None
    if not pid:
        session._forget()
        try:
            if chroot:
                os.chroot(chroot)
            if cwd:
                os.chdir(cwd)
            flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY
            if append:
                flags |= os.O_APPEND
            fd = os.open(outfile, flags, 0666)
            os.dup2(fd, 1)
            if logerror:
                os.dup2(fd, 2)
            # echo the command we're running into the logfile
            os.write(fd, '$ %s\n' % ' '.join(args))
            environ = os.environ.copy()
            if env:
                environ.update(env)
            os.execvpe(path, args, environ)
        except:
            msg = ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))
            if fd:
                try:
                    os.write(fd, msg)
                    os.close(fd)
                except:
                    pass
            print msg
            os._exit(1)
    else:
        if chroot:
            outfile = os.path.normpath(chroot + outfile)
        outfd = None
        remotename = os.path.basename(outfile)
        while True:
            status = os.waitpid(pid, os.WNOHANG)
            time.sleep(1)

            if not outfd:
                try:
                    outfd = file(outfile, 'r')
                except IOError:
                    # will happen if the forked process has not created the logfile yet
                    continue
                except:
                    print 'Error reading log file: %s' % outfile
                    print ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))

            incremental_upload(session, remotename, outfd, uploadpath)

            if status[0] != 0:
                if outfd:
                    outfd.close()
                return status[1]

def rateAnalysis(request):
	if request.method == 'POST':
		print request.POST
		try:
			user = User.objects.get(id=request.POST['user_id'])
			teacher = TeacherProfile.objects.get(user=user)
			sa = StandardAnalysis.objects.get(id = request.POST['id'])
			sar, created = StandardAnalysisRating.objects.get_or_create(standard_analysis=sa, rater=teacher, rating_type='All')
		except:
			print traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
			return HttpResponseRedirect('/standard/?standard_id='+str(sa.id))
		new_rating =  int(request.POST['rating'])
		try:
			if created:
				sar.rating = new_rating
				sar.save()
				sa.cumulative_rating = (sa.cumulative_rating*sa.number_raters + sar.rating)/(sa.number_raters+1)
				sa.number_raters+=1
				sa.save()
			elif (sar.rating != new_rating):
				sa.cumulative_rating = (sa.cumulative_rating*sa.number_raters - sar.rating + new_rating)/sa.number_raters
				sar.rating = new_rating
				sar.save()
				sa.save()
		except:
			print traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
			
		return HttpResponse(str(sa.cumulative_rating))

def import_function(import_str):
    """
    Attempts to import the specified class method or regular function,
    and returns a callable.

    :raises ImportError if the specified import_str cannot be found.
    :raises TypeError if the specified import_str is found but is
            not a callable.
    """
    mod_str, _sep, class_str = import_str.rpartition('.')
    try:
        __import__(mod_str)
        fn = getattr(sys.modules[mod_str], class_str)
        if not callable(fn):
            msg = '{0} is not callable'
            LOG.error(msg)
            raise TypeError(msg)
    except (ValueError, AttributeError):
        msg = 'Method or function {0} cannot be found.'.format(import_str)
        err_details = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
        LOG.error(msg + ' Details: (%s)'.format(err_details))
        raise ImportError(msg)
    except ImportError:
        msg = 'Module {0} cannot be found.'.format(import_str)
        err_details = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
        LOG.error(msg + ' Details: (%s)'.format(err_details))
        raise
    return fn

 def record_results(self, resid, uutid):
     import os, commands
     import string
     import traceback
     #if environment variable IDTYPE == UUID, then use UUID for database entry id, else implicit auto-increment integer is used.
     tmp = self.dbRes[uutid]
     self.info("%s" % (tmp))
     if (("IDTYPE" in os.environ.keys()) and (os.environ["IDTYPE"]=="UUID")):
         try:
             database.VssdVg1a1Sweep(
                 id = (commands.getoutput('uuidgen -t')).strip(),
                 TestResultsID = resid,
                 **tmp
             )
         except:
             self.info("An error was thrown: %s"
                     % string.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()),
                                    ''))
     else:
         try:
             database.VssdVg1a1Sweep(
                 TestResultsID = resid,
                 **tmp
             )
         except:
             self.info("An error was thrown: %s"
                     % string.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()),
                                    ''))

    def __init__(self, device=None, config_path=None, user_path=".", cmd_line=""):
        """
        Create an option object and check that parameters are valid.

        :param device: The device to use
        :type device: str
        :param config_path: The openzwave config directory. If None, try to configure automatically.
        :type config_path: str
        :param user_path: The user directory
        :type user_path: str
        :param cmd_line: The "command line" options of the openzwave library
        :type cmd_line: str

        """
        try:
            if os.path.exists(device):
                if os.access(device, os.R_OK) and os.access(device, os.W_OK):
                    self._device = device
                else:
                    import sys, traceback
                    raise ZWaveException("Can't write to device %s : %s" % (device, traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())))
            else:
                import sys, traceback
                raise ZWaveException("Can't find device %s : %s" % (device, traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())))
        except:
            import sys, traceback
            raise ZWaveException("Error when retrieving device %s : %s" % (device, traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())))
        libopenzwave.PyOptions.__init__(self, config_path=config_path, user_path=user_path, cmd_line=cmd_line)
        self._user_path = user_path
        self._config_path = config_path

    def format(self, record):
        """Formatting function

          @param object record: :logging.LogRecord:
        """
        entry = {
                'name': record.name,
                'timestamp': self.formatTime(record,
                    datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
                'level': record.levelname
        }
        if hasattr(record, 'message'):
            entry['message'] = record.message
        else:
            entry['message'] = super().format(record)
        # add exception information if available
        if record.exc_info is not None:
            entry['exception'] = {
                    'message': traceback.format_exception(
                        *record.exc_info)[-1][:-1],
                    'traceback': traceback.format_exception(
                        *record.exc_info)[:-1]
                    }

        return entry

 def send(self, service_name, method, *args):
     import openerp
     import traceback
     import xmlrpclib
     try:
         result = openerp.netsvc.dispatch_rpc(service_name, method, args)
     except Exception,e:
     # TODO change the except to raise LibException instead of their emulated xmlrpc fault
         if isinstance(e, openerp.osv.osv.except_osv):
             fault = xmlrpclib.Fault('warning -- ' + e.name + '\n\n' + e.value, '')
         elif isinstance(e, openerp.exceptions.Warning):
             fault = xmlrpclib.Fault('warning -- Warning\n\n' + str(e), '')
         elif isinstance(e, openerp.exceptions.AccessError):
             fault = xmlrpclib.Fault('warning -- AccessError\n\n' + str(e), '')
         elif isinstance(e, openerp.exceptions.AccessDenied):
             fault = xmlrpclib.Fault('AccessDenied', str(e))
         elif isinstance(e, openerp.exceptions.DeferredException):
             info = e.traceback
             formatted_info = "".join(traceback.format_exception(*info))
             fault = xmlrpclib.Fault(openerp.tools.ustr(e.message), formatted_info)
         else:
             info = sys.exc_info()
             formatted_info = "".join(traceback.format_exception(*info))
             fault = xmlrpclib.Fault(openerp.tools.exception_to_unicode(e), formatted_info)
         raise fault

def main():
    # Initialize color support
    colorama.init()
    try:
        run()
    except util.DeviceException as e:
        typ, val, tb = sys.exc_info()
        logging.debug("".join(traceback.format_exception(typ, val, tb)))
        print(colorama.Fore.RED + "There is a problem with your device"
                                  " configuration:")
        print(colorama.Fore.RED + e.message)
    except ConfigError as e:
        typ, val, tb = sys.exc_info()
        logging.debug("".join(traceback.format_exception(typ, val, tb)))
        print(colorama.Fore.RED +
              "There is a problem with your configuration file(s):")
        print(colorama.Fore.RED + e.message)
    except util.MissingDependencyException as e:
        typ, val, tb = sys.exc_info()
        logging.debug("".join(traceback.format_exception(typ, val, tb)))
        print(colorama.Fore.RED +
              "You are missing a dependency for one of your enabled plugins:")
        print(colorama.Fore.RED + e.message)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        colorama.deinit()
        sys.exit(1)
    except Exception as e:
        typ, val, tb = sys.exc_info()
        print(colorama.Fore.RED + "spreads encountered an error:")
        print(colorama.Fore.RED +
              "".join(traceback.format_exception(typ, val, tb)))
    # Deinitialize color support
    colorama.deinit()

def makeVideoThumb(fullPath, thumbPath):
    print "\n", 80*"-", "\ncreating video thumbnail with command: "
    # must create two frames because of mplayer bug
    createCmd = MPLAYER_DIR+" -vo jpeg -quiet -frames 2 -ss 5 "+ fullPath
    print createCmd
    try:
        sp.check_call(createCmd.split())
    except:
        print "".join(tb.format_exception(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1], sys.exc_info()[2]))
        
    # delete one of them
    try:
        os.remove("00000001.jpg")
    except:
        print "".join(tb.format_exception(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1], sys.exc_info()[2])) 

    # resize it to 300x300
    try:
        im = wx.Image("00000002.jpg")  # read the original image
        if im.Ok():  #the image may be corrupted...
            im.Rescale(300, 300)        # resize it
            im.SaveFile("00000002.jpg", wx.BITMAP_TYPE_JPEG)    # save it back to a file
    except: 
        print "".join(tb.format_exception(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1], sys.exc_info()[2]))
        
    # rename the right one
    try:
        shutil.move("00000002.jpg", thumbPath)
    except:
        print "".join(tb.format_exception(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1], sys.exc_info()[2])) 

def MachineMachine():
    LATTICE = "star"  ##, 'diamond'
    DIMENSION = (5, 11)
    PLAYERS = "a", "b", " "
    ##mc = Mangorona(PLAYERS,'cubic', DIMENSION, None)
    ##maximum=True
    ##getall=True
    mc = Mangorona(PLAYERS, "diamond", (7, 11), None)
    maximum = True
    getall = False
    t = PLAYERS[:2]
    tab = 0
    print(Board(mc).Display())
    while True:
        try:
            turn = t[tab % 2]
            movable = AllowableMovement(mc, turn).Move(maximum=maximum, getall=getall)
            machine = random.choice(movable)
            print(turn, "move:", machine[0], machine[1])
            mc.Move(turn, machine[0], machine[1])
            print(Board(mc).Display())
            print(mc.gain["a"], mc.gain["b"])  ##, t1-t0
            print()
            tab += 1
        except IllegalMove:
            exc = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())[-1]
            print(exc)
        except NoMoreMove:
            exc = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())[-1]
            print(exc)
            print("winner:", mc.Winner())
            break

 def OnPaint(self, event):
     namespace = {'self':self, 'event':event, 'wx':wx}
     if not self.error and self.codes.get('OnPaint', None):
         try:
             code = compile((self.codes['OnPaint'].replace('\r\n', '\n') + '\n'), 'canvastest', 'exec')
             self.error = False
         except:
             self.error = True
             traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
             def f():
                 d = wx.lib.dialogs.ScrolledMessageDialog(self.parent, (tr("Error compiling script.\n\nTraceback:\n\n") +
                     ''.join(trace)), tr("Error"), wx.DefaultPosition, wx.Size(400,300))
                 d.ShowModal()
                 d.Destroy()
             wx.CallAfter(f)
             return
         
         try:
             exec code in namespace
             self.error = False
         except:
             self.error = True
             trace = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
             def f():
                 d = wx.lib.dialogs.ScrolledMessageDialog(self.parent, (tr("Error running script.\n\nTraceback:\n\n") +
                     ''.join(trace)), tr("Error"), wx.DefaultPosition, wx.Size(400,300))
                 d.ShowModal()
                 d.Destroy()
             wx.CallAfter(f)
             return
     else:
         dc = wx.PaintDC(self)
         dc.Clear()
         event.Skip