def handle_object(self, env, start_response):
        """
        Handles a possible static web request for an object. This object could
        resolve into an index or listing request.

        :param env: The original WSGI environment dict.
        :param start_response: The original WSGI start_response hook.
        """
        tmp_env = dict(env)
        tmp_env['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = \
            '%s StaticWeb' % env.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT')
        resp = self._app_call(tmp_env)
        status_int = self._get_status_int()
        if is_success(status_int) or is_redirection(status_int):
            start_response(self._response_status, self._response_headers,
                           self._response_exc_info)
            return resp
        if status_int != HTTP_NOT_FOUND:
            return self._error_response(resp, env, start_response)
        self._get_container_info(env)
        if not self._listings and not self._index:
            return self.app(env, start_response)
        status_int = HTTP_NOT_FOUND
        if self._index:
            tmp_env = dict(env)
            tmp_env['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = \
                '%s StaticWeb' % env.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT')
            if tmp_env['PATH_INFO'][-1] != '/':
                tmp_env['PATH_INFO'] += '/'
            tmp_env['PATH_INFO'] += self._index
            resp = self._app_call(tmp_env)
            status_int = self._get_status_int()
            if is_success(status_int) or is_redirection(status_int):
                if env['PATH_INFO'][-1] != '/':
                    resp = HTTPMovedPermanently(
                        location=env['PATH_INFO'] + '/')
                    self._log_response(env, resp.status_int)
                    return resp(env, start_response)
                start_response(self._response_status, self._response_headers,
                               self._response_exc_info)
                return resp
        if status_int == HTTP_NOT_FOUND:
            if env['PATH_INFO'][-1] != '/':
                tmp_env = make_pre_authed_env(env, 'GET',
                            '/%s/%s/%s' % (self.version, self.account,
                                           self.container),
                            self.agent)
                tmp_env['QUERY_STRING'] = 'limit=1&format=json&delimiter' \
                    '=/&limit=1&prefix=%s' % quote(self.obj + '/')
                resp = self._app_call(tmp_env)
                body = ''.join(resp)
                if not is_success(self._get_status_int()) or not body or \
                        not json.loads(body):
                    resp = HTTPNotFound()(env, self._start_response)
                    return self._error_response(resp, env, start_response)
                resp = HTTPMovedPermanently(location=env['PATH_INFO'] +
                    '/')
                self._log_response(env, resp.status_int)
                return resp(env, start_response)
            return self._listing(env, start_response, self.obj)

 def GETorHEAD(self, req):
     """Handler for HTTP GET/HEAD requests."""
     partition, nodes = self.app.account_ring.get_nodes(self.account_name)
     resp = self.GETorHEAD_base(
         req, _('Account'), self.app.account_ring, partition,
         req.path_info.rstrip('/'))
     if resp.status_int == HTTP_NOT_FOUND and self.app.account_autocreate:
         if len(self.account_name) > MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME_LENGTH:
             resp = HTTPBadRequest(request=req)
             resp.body = 'Account name length of %d longer than %d' % \
                         (len(self.account_name), MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME_LENGTH)
             return resp
         headers = self.generate_request_headers(req)
         resp = self.make_requests(
             Request.blank('/v1/' + self.account_name),
             self.app.account_ring, partition, 'PUT',
             '/' + self.account_name, [headers] * len(nodes))
         if not is_success(resp.status_int):
             self.app.logger.warning('Could not autocreate account %r' %
                                     self.account_name)
             return resp
         resp = self.GETorHEAD_base(
             req, _('Account'), self.app.account_ring, partition,
             req.path_info.rstrip('/'))
     return resp

 def _connect_put_node(self, nodes, part, path, headers,
                       logger_thread_locals):
     """Method for a file PUT connect"""
     self.app.logger.thread_locals = logger_thread_locals
     for node in nodes:
         try:
             start_time = time.time()
             with ConnectionTimeout(self.app.conn_timeout):
                 conn = http_connect(
                     node['ip'], node['port'], node['device'], part, 'PUT',
                     path, headers)
             self.app.set_node_timing(node, time.time() - start_time)
             with Timeout(self.app.node_timeout):
                 resp = conn.getexpect()
             if resp.status == HTTP_CONTINUE:
                 conn.resp = None
                 conn.node = node
                 return conn
             elif is_success(resp.status):
                 conn.resp = resp
                 conn.node = node
                 return conn
             elif resp.status == HTTP_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE:
                 self.error_limit(node)
         except:
             self.exception_occurred(node, _('Object'),
                                     _('Expect: 100-continue on %s') % path)

    def handle_container(self, env, start_response):
        """
        Handles a possible static web request for a container.

        :param env: The original WSGI environment dict.
        :param start_response: The original WSGI start_response hook.
        """
        self._get_container_info(env)
        if not self._listings and not self._index:
            if config_true_value(env.get('HTTP_X_WEB_MODE', 'f')):
                return HTTPNotFound()(env, start_response)
            return self.app(env, start_response)
        if env['PATH_INFO'][-1] != '/':
            resp = HTTPMovedPermanently(
                location=(env['PATH_INFO'] + '/'))
            return resp(env, start_response)
        if not self._index:
            return self._listing(env, start_response)
        tmp_env = dict(env)
        tmp_env['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = \
            '%s StaticWeb' % env.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT')
        tmp_env['swift.source'] = 'SW'
        tmp_env['PATH_INFO'] += self._index
        resp = self._app_call(tmp_env)
        status_int = self._get_status_int()
        if status_int == HTTP_NOT_FOUND:
            return self._listing(env, start_response)
        elif not is_success(self._get_status_int()) or \
                not is_redirection(self._get_status_int()):
            return self._error_response(resp, env, start_response)
        start_response(self._response_status, self._response_headers,
                       self._response_exc_info)
        return resp

 def META(self, req):
     """Handler for HTTP GET/HEAD requests."""
     
     partition, nodes = self.app.account_ring.get_nodes(self.account_name)
     shuffle(nodes)
     resp = self.META_base(req, _('Account'), partition, nodes,
             req.path_info.rstrip('/'), len(nodes))
     
     if resp.status_int == HTTP_NOT_FOUND and self.app.account_autocreate:
         if len(self.account_name) > MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME_LENGTH:
             
             respbody = 'Account name length of %d longer than %d' % \
                         (len(self.account_name), MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME_LENGTH)
             return jresponse('-1', respbody, req,400)
         
         headers = {'X-Timestamp': normalize_timestamp(time.time()),
                    'X-Trans-Id': self.trans_id,
                    'Connection': 'close'}
         resp = self.make_requests(self.account_name,
             Request.blank('/v1/' + self.account_name),
             self.app.account_ring, partition, 'PUT',
             '/' + self.account_name, [headers] * len(nodes))
         if not is_success(resp.status_int):
             self.app.logger.warning('Could not autocreate account %r' %
                                     self.account_name)
             return resp
         resp = self.META_base(req, _('Account'), partition, nodes,
             req.path_info.rstrip('/'), len(nodes))
         
     return resp

    def _fetch_sub_slo_segments(self, req, version, acc, con, obj):
        """
        Fetch the submanifest, parse it, and return it.
        Raise exception on failures.
        """
        sub_req = make_subrequest(
            req.environ, path='/'.join(['', version, acc, con, obj]),
            method='GET',
            headers={'x-auth-token': req.headers.get('x-auth-token')},
            agent=('%(orig)s ' + 'SLO MultipartGET'), swift_source='SLO')
        sub_resp = sub_req.get_response(self.slo.app)

        if not is_success(sub_resp.status_int):
            close_if_possible(sub_resp.app_iter)
            raise ListingIterError(
                'ERROR: while fetching %s, GET of submanifest %s '
                'failed with status %d' % (req.path, sub_req.path,
                                           sub_resp.status_int))

        try:
            with closing_if_possible(sub_resp.app_iter):
                return json.loads(''.join(sub_resp.app_iter))
        except ValueError as err:
            raise ListingIterError(
                'ERROR: while fetching %s, JSON-decoding of submanifest %s '
                'failed with %s' % (req.path, sub_req.path, err))

    def get_container_info(self, app):
        """
        get_container_info will return a result dict of get_container_info
        from the backend Swift.

        :returns: a dictionary of container info from
                  swift.controllers.base.get_container_info
        :raises: NoSuchBucket when the container doesn't exist
        :raises: InternalError when the request failed without 404
        """
        if self.is_authenticated:
            # if we have already authenticated, yes we can use the account
            # name like as AUTH_xxx for performance efficiency
            sw_req = self.to_swift_req(app, self.container_name, None)
            info = get_container_info(sw_req.environ, app)
            if is_success(info['status']):
                return info
            elif info['status'] == 404:
                raise NoSuchBucket(self.container_name)
            else:
                raise InternalError(
                    'unexpected status code %d' % info['status'])
        else:
            # otherwise we do naive HEAD request with the authentication
            resp = self.get_response(app, 'HEAD', self.container_name, '')
            return headers_to_container_info(
                resp.sw_headers, resp.status_int)  # pylint: disable-msg=E1101

def _get_direct_account_container(path, stype, node, part,
                                  marker=None, limit=None,
                                  prefix=None, delimiter=None, conn_timeout=5,
                                  response_timeout=15):
    """Base class for get direct account and container.

    Do not use directly use the get_direct_account or
    get_direct_container instead.
    """
    qs = 'format=json'
    if marker:
        qs += '&marker=%s' % quote(marker)
    if limit:
        qs += '&limit=%d' % limit
    if prefix:
        qs += '&prefix=%s' % quote(prefix)
    if delimiter:
        qs += '&delimiter=%s' % quote(delimiter)
    with Timeout(conn_timeout):
        conn = http_connect(node['ip'], node['port'], node['device'], part,
                            'GET', path, query_string=qs,
                            headers=gen_headers())
    with Timeout(response_timeout):
        resp = conn.getresponse()
    if not is_success(resp.status):
        resp.read()
        raise DirectClientException(stype, 'GET', node, part, path, resp)

    resp_headers = HeaderKeyDict()
    for header, value in resp.getheaders():
        resp_headers[header] = value
    if resp.status == HTTP_NO_CONTENT:
        resp.read()
        return resp_headers, []
    return resp_headers, json.loads(resp.read())

    def write(self, data=b'', hdrs=None, parms=None, callback=None, cfg=None,
              return_resp=False):
        if hdrs is None:
            hdrs = {}
        if parms is None:
            parms = {}
        if cfg is None:
            cfg = {}

        block_size = 2 ** 20

        if all(hasattr(data, attr) for attr in ('flush', 'seek', 'fileno')):
            try:
                data.flush()
                data.seek(0)
            except IOError:
                pass
            self.size = int(os.fstat(data.fileno())[6])
        else:
            data = io.BytesIO(data)
            self.size = data.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
            data.seek(0)

        headers = self.make_headers(cfg=cfg)
        headers.update(hdrs)

        def try_request():
            # rewind to be ready for another attempt
            data.seek(0)
            self.conn.put_start(self.path, hdrs=headers, parms=parms, cfg=cfg)

            transferred = 0
            for buff in iter(lambda: data.read(block_size), b''):
                self.conn.put_data(buff)
                transferred += len(buff)
                if callable(callback):
                    callback(transferred, self.size)

            self.conn.put_end()
            return self.conn.response

        try:
            self.response = self.conn.request_with_retry(try_request)
        except RequestError as e:
            raise ResponseError(self.conn.response, 'PUT',
                                self.conn.make_path(self.path), details=str(e))
        if not is_success(self.response.status):
            raise ResponseError(self.conn.response, 'PUT',
                                self.conn.make_path(self.path))

        try:
            data.seek(0)
        except IOError:
            pass
        self.md5 = self.compute_md5sum(data)

        if return_resp:
            return self.conn.response

        return True

    def create(self, env, vrs, account, container, versions=None):
        """
        Perform a container PUT request

        :param env: WSGI environment for original request
        :param vrs: API version, e.g. "v1"
        :param account: account in which to create the container
        :param container: container name
        :param versions: value for X-Versions-Location header
            (for container versioning)

        :returns: None
        :raises: HTTPException on failure (non-2xx response)
        """
        env = env.copy()
        env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'PUT'
        env["PATH_INFO"] = "/%s/%s/%s" % (vrs, account, container)
        if versions:
            env['HTTP_X_VERSIONS_LOCATION'] = versions

        resp_iter = self._app_call(env)
        # The body of a PUT response is either empty or very short (e.g. error
        # message), so we can get away with slurping the whole thing.
        body = ''.join(resp_iter)
        close_if_possible(resp_iter)

        status_int = int(self._response_status.split(' ', 1)[0])
        if not http.is_success(status_int):
            raise swob.HTTPException(
                status=self._response_status,
                headers=self._response_headers,
                body=friendly_error(body))

    def __call__(self, req):
        # We only want to step in on object DELETE requests
        if req.method != "DELETE":
            return self.app
        try:
            vrs, acc, con, obj = req.split_path(4, 4, rest_with_last=True)
        except ValueError:
            # not an object request
            return self.app

        # Okay, this is definitely an object DELETE request; let's see if it's
        # one we want to step in for.
        if self.is_trash(con) and self.block_trash_deletes:
            return swob.HTTPMethodNotAllowed(
                content_type="text/plain",
                body=("Attempted to delete from a trash container, but " "block_trash_deletes is enabled\n"),
            )
        elif not self.should_save_copy(req.environ, con, obj):
            return self.app

        trash_container = self.trash_prefix + con
        copy_status, copy_headers, copy_body = self.copy_object(req, trash_container, obj)
        if copy_status == 404:
            self.create_trash_container(req, vrs, acc, trash_container)
            copy_status, copy_headers, copy_body = self.copy_object(req, trash_container, obj)
        elif not http.is_success(copy_status):
            # other error; propagate this to the client
            return swob.Response(body=friendly_error(copy_body), status=copy_status, headers=copy_headers)
        return self.app

    def _listing_pages_iter(self, account_name, lcontainer, lprefix, env):
        marker = ''
        while True:
            lreq = make_pre_authed_request(
                env, method='GET', swift_source='VW',
                path='/v1/%s/%s' % (account_name, lcontainer))
            lreq.environ['QUERY_STRING'] = \
                'format=json&prefix=%s&marker=%s' % (quote(lprefix),
                                                     quote(marker))
            lresp = lreq.get_response(self.app)
            if not is_success(lresp.status_int):
                if lresp.status_int == HTTP_NOT_FOUND:
                    raise ListingIterNotFound()
                elif is_client_error(lresp.status_int):
                    raise HTTPPreconditionFailed()
                else:
                    raise ListingIterError()

            if not lresp.body:
                break

            sublisting = json.loads(lresp.body)
            if not sublisting:
                break
            marker = sublisting[-1]['name'].encode('utf-8')
            yield sublisting

    def handle_get(self, req, start_response):
        app_resp = self._app_call(req.environ)

        if is_success(self._get_status_int()):
            # only decrypt body of 2xx responses
            out_content_type = get_listing_content_type(req)
            if out_content_type == 'application/json':
                handler = self.process_json_resp
                keys = self.get_decryption_keys(req)
            elif out_content_type.endswith('/xml'):
                handler = self.process_xml_resp
                keys = self.get_decryption_keys(req)
            else:
                handler = keys = None

            if handler and keys:
                try:
                    app_resp = handler(keys['container'], app_resp)
                except EncryptionException as err:
                    msg = "Error decrypting container listing"
                    self.logger.error(_('%(msg)s: %(err)s') %
                                      {'msg': msg, 'err': err})
                    raise HTTPInternalServerError(
                        body=msg, content_type='text/plain')

        start_response(self._response_status,
                       self._response_headers,
                       self._response_exc_info)

        return app_resp

    def _fetch_sub_slo_segments(self, req, version, acc, con, obj):
        """
        Fetch the submanifest, parse it, and return it.
        Raise exception on failures.
        """
        sub_req = req.copy_get()
        sub_req.range = None
        sub_req.environ['PATH_INFO'] = '/'.join(['', version, acc, con, obj])
        sub_req.environ['swift.source'] = 'SLO'
        sub_req.user_agent = "%s SLO MultipartGET" % sub_req.user_agent
        sub_resp = sub_req.get_response(self.slo.app)

        if not is_success(sub_resp.status_int):
            raise ListingIterError(
                'ERROR: while fetching %s, GET of submanifest %s '
                'failed with status %d' % (req.path, sub_req.path,
                                           sub_resp.status_int))

        try:
            with closing_if_possible(sub_resp.app_iter):
                return json.loads(''.join(sub_resp.app_iter))
        except ValueError as err:
            raise ListingIterError(
                'ERROR: while fetching %s, JSON-decoding of submanifest %s '
                'failed with %s' % (req.path, sub_req.path, err))

 def POST(self, req):
     """HTTP POST request handler."""
     error_response = check_metadata(req, 'account')
     if error_response:
         return error_response
     account_partition, accounts = \
         self.app.account_ring.get_nodes(self.account_name)
     headers = self.generate_request_headers(req, transfer=True)
     if self.app.memcache:
         self.app.memcache.delete(
             get_account_memcache_key(self.account_name))
     resp = self.make_requests(
         req, self.app.account_ring, account_partition, 'POST',
         req.path_info, [headers] * len(accounts))
     if resp.status_int == HTTP_NOT_FOUND and self.app.account_autocreate:
         if len(self.account_name) > MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME_LENGTH:
             resp = HTTPBadRequest(request=req)
             resp.body = 'Account name length of %d longer than %d' % \
                         (len(self.account_name), MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME_LENGTH)
             return resp
         resp = self.make_requests(
             Request.blank('/v1/' + self.account_name),
             self.app.account_ring, account_partition, 'PUT',
             '/' + self.account_name, [headers] * len(accounts))
         if not is_success(resp.status_int):
             self.app.logger.warning('Could not autocreate account %r' %
                                     self.account_name)
             return resp
     return resp

def direct_delete_object(node, part, account, container, obj,
                         conn_timeout=5, response_timeout=15, headers=None):
    """
    Delete object directly from the object server.

    :param node: node dictionary from the ring
    :param part: partition the container is on
    :param account: account name
    :param container: container name
    :param obj: object name
    :param conn_timeout: timeout in seconds for establishing the connection
    :param response_timeout: timeout in seconds for getting the response
    :returns: response from server
    """
    if headers is None:
        headers = {}

    headers = gen_headers(headers, add_ts='x-timestamp' not in (
        k.lower() for k in headers))

    path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, obj)
    with Timeout(conn_timeout):
        conn = http_connect(node['ip'], node['port'], node['device'], part,
                            'DELETE', path, headers=headers)
    with Timeout(response_timeout):
        resp = conn.getresponse()
        resp.read()
    if not is_success(resp.status):
        raise DirectClientException('Object', 'DELETE',
                                    node, part, path, resp)

    def object_update(self, node, part, op, obj, headers_out):
        """
        Perform the object update to the container

        :param node: node dictionary from the container ring
        :param part: partition that holds the container
        :param op: operation performed (ex: 'PUT' or 'DELETE')
        :param obj: object name being updated
        :param headers_out: headers to send with the update
        """
        try:
            with ConnectionTimeout(self.conn_timeout):
                conn = http_connect(node['ip'], node['port'], node['device'],
                                    part, op, obj, headers_out)
            with Timeout(self.node_timeout):
                resp = conn.getresponse()
                resp.read()
                success = is_success(resp.status)
                if not success:
                    self.logger.debug(
                        _('Error code %(status)d is returned from remote '
                          'server %(ip)s: %(port)s / %(device)s'),
                        {'status': resp.status, 'ip': node['ip'],
                         'port': node['port'], 'device': node['device']})
                return (success, node['id'])
        except (Exception, Timeout):
            self.logger.exception(_('ERROR with remote server '
                                    '%(ip)s:%(port)s/%(device)s'), node)
        return HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, node['id']

    def initialize(self, hdrs=None, parms=None):
        if hdrs is None:
            hdrs = {}
        if parms is None:
            parms = {}
        if not self.name:
            return False

        status = self.conn.make_request('HEAD', self.path, hdrs=hdrs,
                                        parms=parms)
        if status == 404:
            return False
        elif not is_success(status):
            raise ResponseError(self.conn.response, 'HEAD',
                                self.conn.make_path(self.path))

        for hdr in self.conn.response.getheaders():
            if hdr[0].lower() == 'content-type':
                self.content_type = hdr[1]
            if hdr[0].lower().startswith('x-object-meta-'):
                self.metadata[hdr[0][14:]] = hdr[1]
            if hdr[0].lower() == 'etag':
                self.etag = hdr[1]
            if hdr[0].lower() == 'content-length':
                self.size = int(hdr[1])
            if hdr[0].lower() == 'last-modified':
                self.last_modified = hdr[1]

        return True

    def GETorHEAD(self, env, start_response):
        app_iter = self._app_call(env)
        status = self._get_status_int()
        headers = dict(self._response_headers)

        if is_success(status):
            if 'QUERY_STRING' in env:
                args = dict(urlparse.parse_qsl(env['QUERY_STRING'], 1))
            else:
                args = {}
            if 'acl' in args:
                return get_acl(self.account_name)

            new_hdrs = {}
            for key, val in headers.iteritems():
                _key = key.lower()
                if _key.startswith('x-object-meta-'):
                    new_hdrs['x-amz-meta-' + key[14:]] = val
                elif _key in ('content-length', 'content-type',
                              'content-range', 'content-encoding',
                              'etag', 'last-modified'):
                    new_hdrs[key] = val
            return Response(status=status, headers=new_hdrs, app_iter=app_iter)
        elif status == HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED:
            return get_err_response('AccessDenied')
        elif status == HTTP_NOT_FOUND:
            return get_err_response('NoSuchKey')
        else:
            return get_err_response('InvalidURI')

def direct_post_object(node, part, account, container, name, headers,
                       conn_timeout=5, response_timeout=15):
    """
    Direct update to object metadata on object server.

    :param node: node dictionary from the ring
    :param part: partition the container is on
    :param account: account name
    :param container: container name
    :param name: object name
    :param headers: headers to store as metadata
    :param conn_timeout: timeout in seconds for establishing the connection
    :param response_timeout: timeout in seconds for getting the response
    :raises ClientException: HTTP POST request failed
    """
    path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, name)
    headers['X-Timestamp'] = normalize_timestamp(time())
    with Timeout(conn_timeout):
        conn = http_connect(node['ip'], node['port'], node['device'], part,
                'POST', path, headers=headers)
    with Timeout(response_timeout):
        resp = conn.getresponse()
        resp.read()
    if not is_success(resp.status):
        raise ClientException(
                'Object server %s:%s direct POST %s gave status %s' %
                (node['ip'], node['port'],
                repr('/%s/%s%s' % (node['device'], part, path)),
                resp.status),
                http_host=node['ip'], http_port=node['port'],
                http_device=node['device'], http_status=resp.status,
                http_reason=resp.reason)