//.........这里部分代码省略.........
	    ustrzcpy(allegro_error, ALLEGRO_ERROR_SIZE, get_config_text("Unsupported sample format"));
	    goto Error;
	 }
	 break;

      default:
	 ustrzcpy(allegro_error, ALLEGRO_ERROR_SIZE, get_config_text("Unsupported sample format"));
	 goto Error;
   }

   alsa_sample_size = (alsa_bits / 8) * (alsa_stereo ? 2 : 1);

   if (fragsize == 0) {
      unsigned int size = alsa_rate * ALSA_DEFAULT_BUFFER_MS / 1000 / numfrags;
      fragsize = 1;
      while (fragsize < size)
	 fragsize <<= 1;
   }

   snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc(&hwparams);
   snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc(&swparams);

   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_any(pcm_handle, hwparams));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(pcm_handle, hwparams, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(pcm_handle, hwparams, format));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(pcm_handle, hwparams, alsa_stereo + 1));

   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(pcm_handle, hwparams, &alsa_rate, NULL));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(pcm_handle, hwparams, &fragsize, NULL));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(pcm_handle, hwparams, &numfrags, NULL)); 

   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params(pcm_handle, hwparams));

   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hwparams, &alsa_bufsize, NULL));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods(hwparams, &alsa_fragments, NULL));

   TRACE (PREFIX_I "alsa_bufsize = %ld, alsa_fragments = %d\n", alsa_bufsize, alsa_fragments);

   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_sw_params_current(pcm_handle, swparams));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(pcm_handle, swparams, alsa_bufsize));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(pcm_handle, swparams, fragsize));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_sw_params_set_xfer_align(pcm_handle, swparams, 1));
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_sw_params(pcm_handle, swparams));

   /* Allocate mixing buffer. */
   alsa_bufdata = _AL_MALLOC_ATOMIC(alsa_bufsize * alsa_sample_size);
   if (!alsa_bufdata) {
      ustrzcpy(allegro_error, ALLEGRO_ERROR_SIZE, get_config_text("Can not allocate audio buffer"));
      goto Error;
   }

   /* Initialise mixer. */
   digi_alsa.voices = voices;

   if (_mixer_init(alsa_bufsize * (alsa_stereo ? 2 : 1), alsa_rate,
		   alsa_stereo, ((alsa_bits == 16) ? 1 : 0),
		   &digi_alsa.voices) != 0) {
      ustrzcpy(allegro_error, ALLEGRO_ERROR_SIZE, get_config_text("Can not init software mixer"));
      goto Error;
   }

   snd_pcm_prepare(pcm_handle);
   pdc = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_count (pcm_handle);
   if (pdc <= 0) {
      ustrzcpy(allegro_error, ALLEGRO_ERROR_SIZE, get_config_text("Invalid poll descriptors count"));
      goto Error;
   }

   ufds = _AL_MALLOC(sizeof(struct pollfd) * pdc);
   if (ufds == NULL) {
      ustrzcpy(allegro_error, ALLEGRO_ERROR_SIZE, get_config_text("Not enough memory for poll descriptors"));
      goto Error;
   }
   ALSA9_CHECK(snd_pcm_poll_descriptors(pcm_handle, ufds, pdc));

   poll_next = 0;

   _mix_some_samples((uintptr_t) alsa_bufdata, 0, alsa_signed);

   /* Add audio interrupt. */
   _unix_bg_man->register_func(alsa_update);

   uszprintf(alsa_desc, sizeof(alsa_desc),
	     get_config_text
	     ("Alsa 0.9, Device '%s': %d bits, %s, %d bps, %s"),
	     alsa_device, alsa_bits,
	     uconvert_ascii((alsa_signed ? "signed" : "unsigned"), tmp1),
	     alsa_rate, uconvert_ascii((alsa_stereo ? "stereo" : "mono"), tmp2));

   digi_driver->desc = alsa_desc;
   return 0;

 Error:
   if (pcm_handle) {
      snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
      pcm_handle = NULL;
   }

   return -1;
}

int main() {  
	long loops;  
	int rc,j = 0;  
	int size;  
	snd_pcm_t *handle;  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params;  
	unsigned int val,val2;  
	int dir;  
	snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;  
	char *buffer;  
	FILE *fp ;
	if( (fp = fopen("sound.wav","r")) < 0)//南拳妈妈 - 你不像她.wav
		printf("open sound.wav fial\n");
	if(fseek(fp,0,SEEK_SET) < 0)
		 printf("put fp start to first error\n ");


		/* Open PCM device for playback. */  
		rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default",  
				SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0);  
	if (rc < 0) {  
		fprintf(stderr,  "unable to open pcm device: %s/n",  
				snd_strerror(rc));  
		exit(1);  
	}  
	/* Allocate a hardware parameters object. */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&params);  
	/* Fill it in with default values. */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);  
	/* Set the desired hardware parameters. */  
	/* Interleaved mode */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params,  
			SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);  
	/* Signed 16-bit little-endian format */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params,  
			SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);  
	/* Two channels (stereo) */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 1);  
	/* 44100 bits/second sampling rate (CD quality) */  
	val = 8000;  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params,  
			&val, &dir);  
	/* Set period size to 32 frames. */  
	frames = 1024;  //设置的值没有反应
	snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle,  params, &frames, &dir); // 
	printf("frames is %d\n",(int)frames);
	/* Write the parameters to the driver */  
	rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params);  
	if (rc < 0) {  
		fprintf(stderr,  "unable to set hw parameters: %s/n",  snd_strerror(rc));  
		exit(1);  
	}  
	/* Use a buffer large enough to hold one period */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames,  
			&dir);  
	size = frames * 2; /* 2 bytes/sample, 2 channels */  

	buffer = (char *) malloc(size);  

	/* We want to loop for 5 seconds */  
	snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params,  &val, &dir);  

	/* 5 seconds in microseconds divided by * period time */  
	loops = 10000000 / val;  
	while (loops > 0) {  
		loops--;  
		rc = fread(buffer,1, size,fp); 


		//rc = read(0,buffer,size);

		//printf("%d\n",j++); 
		if (rc == 0) {  
			fprintf(stderr, "end of file on input\n");  
			break;  
		} else if (rc != size) {  
			fprintf(stderr,  "short read: read %d bytes\n", rc);  


		}  
		//else printf("fread to buffer success\n");
		rc = snd_pcm_writei(handle, buffer, frames);  


		if (rc == -EPIPE) {  
			/* EPIPE means underrun */  
			fprintf(stderr, "underrun occurred\n");  
			snd_pcm_prepare(handle);  
		} else if (rc < 0) {  
			fprintf(stderr,  "error from writei: %s\n",  
					snd_strerror(rc));  
		}  else if (rc != (int)frames) {  
			fprintf(stderr,  "short write, write %d frames\n", rc);  
		}  
	}  
	/*******************************************************************/
	snd_pcm_drain(handle);  
	snd_pcm_close(handle);  
	free(buffer);

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

static int alsa_init(const char *param, int *speed,
		     int *fragsize, int *fragnr, int *channels)
{
    int err, dir;
    unsigned int rate, periods;
    snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwparams;

    if (!param) {
        param = "default";
    }

    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&hwparams);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_open(&handle, param, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Playback open error for '%s': %s", param,
		    snd_strerror(err));
        return 1;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, hwparams)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Broken configuration for playback: no configurations available: %s", snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, hwparams, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Access type not available for playback: %s", snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, hwparams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Sample format not available for playback: %s", snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, hwparams, *channels)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Channels count (%i) not available for playbacks: %s", *channels, snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }

    rate = (unsigned int)*speed;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, hwparams, &rate, 0)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Rate %iHz not available for playback: %s", *speed, snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }
    if (rate != (unsigned int)*speed) {
        printf("Rate doesn't match (requested %iHz, got %iHz)", *speed, rate);
	*speed = rate;
    }

    period_size = *fragsize;
    dir = 0;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, hwparams, &period_size, &dir)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Unable to set period size %li for playback: %s", period_size, snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }
    *fragsize = period_size;

    periods = *fragnr;
    dir = 0;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(handle, hwparams, &periods, &dir)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Unable to set periods %i for playback: %s", periods, snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }
    *fragnr = periods;

    alsa_can_pause = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause(hwparams);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, hwparams)) < 0) {
        log_message(LOG_DEFAULT, "Unable to set hw params for playback: %s", snd_strerror(err));
        goto fail;
    }

    alsa_bufsize = (*fragsize)*(*fragnr);
    alsa_fragsize = *fragsize;
    alsa_channels = *channels;

    return 0;

fail:
    snd_pcm_close(handle);
    handle = NULL;
    return 1;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(pcm, hw_params, &rate, &dir);
    if (err < 0) {
	WARN("Rate %d Hz not available for playback: %s\n", wwo->format.Format.nSamplesPerSec, snd_strerror(rate));
        retcode = WAVERR_BADFORMAT;
        goto errexit;
    }
    if (!ALSA_NearMatch(rate, wwo->format.Format.nSamplesPerSec)) {
        WARN("Rate doesn't match (requested %d Hz, got %d Hz)\n", wwo->format.Format.nSamplesPerSec, rate);
        retcode = WAVERR_BADFORMAT;
        goto errexit;
    }

    TRACE("Got this format: %dx%dx%d %s\n",
          wwo->format.Format.nSamplesPerSec,
          wwo->format.Format.wBitsPerSample,
          wwo->format.Format.nChannels,
          ALSA_getFormat(wwo->format.Format.wFormatTag));

    dir=0;
    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_time_near(pcm, hw_params, &buffer_time, &dir), MMSYSERR_INVALPARAM, "unable to set buffer time");
    dir=0;
    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_time_near(pcm, hw_params, &period_time, &dir), MMSYSERR_INVALPARAM, "unable to set period time");

    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_hw_params(pcm, hw_params), MMSYSERR_INVALPARAM, "unable to set hw params for playback");

    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hw_params, &period_size, &dir);
    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size(hw_params, &buffer_size);

    snd_pcm_sw_params_current(pcm, sw_params);

    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(pcm, sw_params, 1), MMSYSERR_ERROR, "unable to set start threshold");
    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size(pcm, sw_params, 0), MMSYSERR_ERROR, "unable to set silence size");
    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(pcm, sw_params, period_size), MMSYSERR_ERROR, "unable to set avail min");
    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_threshold(pcm, sw_params, 0), MMSYSERR_ERROR, "unable to set silence threshold");
    EXIT_ON_ERROR( snd_pcm_sw_params(pcm, sw_params), MMSYSERR_ERROR, "unable to set sw params for playback");
#undef EXIT_ON_ERROR

    snd_pcm_prepare(pcm);

    if (TRACE_ON(wave))
	ALSA_TraceParameters(hw_params, sw_params, FALSE);

    /* now, we can save all required data for later use... */

    wwo->dwBufferSize = snd_pcm_frames_to_bytes(pcm, buffer_size);
    wwo->lpQueuePtr = wwo->lpPlayPtr = wwo->lpLoopPtr = NULL;
    wwo->dwPlayedTotal = wwo->dwWrittenTotal = 0;
    wwo->dwPartialOffset = 0;

    ALSA_InitRingMessage(&wwo->msgRing);

    wwo->hStartUpEvent = CreateEventW(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
    wwo->hThread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, wodPlayer, (LPVOID)(DWORD_PTR)wDevID, 0, &(wwo->dwThreadID));
    if (wwo->hThread)
        SetThreadPriority(wwo->hThread, THREAD_PRIORITY_TIME_CRITICAL);
    else
    {
        ERR("Thread creation for the wodPlayer failed!\n");
        CloseHandle(wwo->hStartUpEvent);
        retcode = MMSYSERR_NOMEM;
        goto errexit;
    }
    WaitForSingleObject(wwo->hStartUpEvent, INFINITE);
    CloseHandle(wwo->hStartUpEvent);
    wwo->hStartUpEvent = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;

    TRACE("handle=%p\n", pcm);
    TRACE("wBitsPerSample=%u, nAvgBytesPerSec=%u, nSamplesPerSec=%u, nChannels=%u nBlockAlign=%u!\n",
	  wwo->format.Format.wBitsPerSample, wwo->format.Format.nAvgBytesPerSec,
	  wwo->format.Format.nSamplesPerSec, wwo->format.Format.nChannels,
	  wwo->format.Format.nBlockAlign);

    HeapFree( GetProcessHeap(), 0, sw_params );
    wwo->pcm = pcm;
    wwo->hctl = hctl;
    if ( wwo->hw_params )
	snd_pcm_hw_params_free(wwo->hw_params);
    wwo->hw_params = hw_params;

    return wodNotifyClient(wwo, WOM_OPEN, 0L, 0L);

errexit:
    if (pcm)
        snd_pcm_close(pcm);

    if (hctl)
    {
        snd_hctl_free(hctl);
        snd_hctl_close(hctl);
    }

    if ( hw_params )
	snd_pcm_hw_params_free(hw_params);

    HeapFree( GetProcessHeap(), 0, sw_params );
    if (wwo->msgRing.ring_buffer_size > 0)
        ALSA_DestroyRingMessage(&wwo->msgRing);

    return retcode;
}

int playback(char* inputFileName) {
    long loops;
    int rc;
    int size;
    snd_pcm_t *handle;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params;
    unsigned int val;
    int dir;
    snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
    char *buffer;
    int f = 0;
    if (strlen(inputFileName)) {
        f = open(inputFileName, O_RDONLY);
    }
    /* Open PCM device for playback. */
    rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default", SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0);
    if (rc < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "unable to open pcm device: %s\n", snd_strerror(rc));
        exit(1);
    }

    /* Allocate a hardware parameters object. */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&params);

    /* Fill it in with default values. */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);

    /* Set the desired hardware parameters. */

    /* Interleaved mode */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);

    /* Signed 16-bit little-endian format */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);

    /* Two channels (stereo) */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);

    /* 44100 bits/second sampling rate (CD quality) */
    val = 44100;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);

    /* Set period size to 32 frames. */
    frames = 32;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, params, &frames, &dir);

    /* Write the parameters to the driver */
    rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params);
    if (rc < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "unable to set hw parameters: %s\n", snd_strerror(rc));
        pthread_exit(NULL);
    }

    /* Use a buffer large enough to hold one period */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
    size = frames * 4; /* 2 bytes/sample, 2 channels */
    buffer = (char *) malloc(size);

    /* We want to loop for 5 seconds */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
    /* 5 seconds in microseconds divided by
     * period time */
    loops = 10 * 30000000 / val;

    while (loops > 0) {
        loops--;
        rc = read(f, buffer, size);
        if (rc == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "end of file on input\n");
            break;
        } else if (rc != size) {
            fprintf(stderr, "short read: read %d bytes\n", rc);
        }
        rc = snd_pcm_writei(handle, buffer, frames);
        if (rc == -EPIPE) {
            /* EPIPE means underrun */
            fprintf(stderr, "underrun occurred\n");
            snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
        } else if (rc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "error from writei: %s\n",
                    snd_strerror(rc));
        } else if (rc != (int) frames) {
            fprintf(stderr, "short write, write %d frames\n", rc);
        }
    }

    snd_pcm_drain(handle);
    snd_pcm_close(handle);
    free(buffer);
    if (f)close(f);
    return 0;
}

void free_pcm(void* args) {
    free_pcm_args* pargs = (free_pcm_args*) args;
    snd_pcm_drain(pargs->handle);
    snd_pcm_close(pargs->handle);
    free(pargs->buffer);
}

void QAudioDeviceInfoInternal::close()
{
    if(handle)
        snd_pcm_close(handle);
    handle = 0;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
                else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE);
            } else if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::UnSignedInt) {
                if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE);
                else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE);
            }
            break;
        case 32:
            if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::SignedInt) {
                if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE);
                else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE);
            } else if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::UnSignedInt) {
                if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_LE);
                else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_BE);
            }
    }

    // For now, just accept only audio/pcm codec
    if(!format.codec().startsWith(QLatin1String("audio/pcm"))) {
        err=-1;
    } else
        testCodec = true;

    if(err>=0 && format.channels() != -1) {
        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_test_channels(handle,params,format.channels());
        if(err>=0)
            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle,params,format.channels());
        if(err>=0)
            testChannel = true;
    }

    if(err>=0 && format.frequency() != -1) {
        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_test_rate(handle,params,format.frequency(),0);
        if(err>=0)
            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate(handle,params,format.frequency(),dir);
        if(err>=0)
            testFreq = true;
    }

    if((err>=0 && format.sampleSize() != -1) &&
            (format.sampleType() != QAudioFormat::Unknown)) {
        switch(format.sampleSize()) {
            case 8:
                if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::SignedInt)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8);
                else if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::UnSignedInt)
                    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8);
                break;
            case 16:
                if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::SignedInt) {
                    if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
                    else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE);
                } else if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::UnSignedInt) {
                    if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE);
                    else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE);
                }
                break;
            case 32:
                if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::SignedInt) {
                    if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE);
                    else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE);
                } else if(format.sampleType() == QAudioFormat::UnSignedInt) {
                    if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::LittleEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_LE);
                    else if(format.byteOrder() == QAudioFormat::BigEndian)
                        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle,params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_BE);
                }
        }
        if(err>=0) {
            testSize = true;
            testType = true;
        }
    }
    if(err>=0)
        err = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params);

    if(err == 0) {
        // settings work
        // close()
        if(handle)
            snd_pcm_close(handle);
        return true;
    }
    if(handle)
        snd_pcm_close(handle);

    return false;
}

int
sa_stream_open(sa_stream_t *s) {
  snd_output_t* out;
  char* buf;
  size_t bufsz;
  snd_pcm_hw_params_t* hwparams;
  snd_pcm_sw_params_t* swparams;
  int dir;
  snd_pcm_uframes_t period;

  if (s == NULL) {
    return SA_ERROR_NO_INIT;
  }
  if (s->output_unit != NULL) {
    return SA_ERROR_INVALID;
  }

  pthread_mutex_lock(&sa_alsa_mutex);

  /* Turn off debug output to stderr */
  snd_lib_error_set_handler(quiet_error_handler);

  if (snd_pcm_open(&s->output_unit, 
                   "default", 
                   SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 
                   0) < 0) {
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&sa_alsa_mutex);
    return SA_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
  }
  
  if (snd_pcm_set_params(s->output_unit,
#ifdef SA_LITTLE_ENDIAN
                         SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE,
#else
                         SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE,
#endif
                         SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED,
                         s->n_channels,
                         s->rate,
                         1,
                         500000) < 0) {
    snd_pcm_close(s->output_unit);
    s->output_unit = NULL;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&sa_alsa_mutex);
    return SA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
  }
  
  /* ugly alsa-pulse plugin detection */
  snd_output_buffer_open(&out);
  snd_pcm_dump(s->output_unit, out);
  bufsz = snd_output_buffer_string(out, &buf);
  s->pulseaudio = bufsz >= strlen(ALSA_PA_PLUGIN) &&
                  strncmp(buf, ALSA_PA_PLUGIN, strlen(ALSA_PA_PLUGIN)) == 0;
  snd_output_close(out);

  snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&hwparams);
  snd_pcm_hw_params_current(s->output_unit, hwparams);
  snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hwparams, &period, &dir);

  pthread_mutex_unlock(&sa_alsa_mutex);

  return SA_SUCCESS;
}

 ~ALSADevice()
 {
     if (handle != 0)
         snd_pcm_close (handle);
 }

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    goto beach;

  count = snd_ctl_elem_list_get_used (clist);
  for (idx = 0; idx < count; idx++) {
    if (strstr (snd_ctl_elem_list_get_name (clist, idx), spdif_name) != NULL)
      break;
  }
  if (idx == count) {
    /* No SPDIF mixer availble */
    err = 0;
    goto beach;
  }
  snd_ctl_elem_id_malloc (&cid);
  snd_ctl_elem_list_get_id (clist, idx, cid);

  /* Now find a PCM device for IEC 958 */
  if ((err = snd_ctl_card_info (ctl, info)) < 0)
    goto beach;
  dev = -1;
  do {
    if (snd_ctl_pcm_next_device (ctl, &dev) < 0)
      goto beach;
    if (dev < 0)
      break;                    /* No more devices */

    /* Filter for playback devices */
    snd_pcm_info_set_device (pinfo, dev);
    snd_pcm_info_set_subdevice (pinfo, 0);
    snd_pcm_info_set_stream (pinfo, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK);
    if ((err = snd_ctl_pcm_info (ctl, pinfo)) < 0) {
      if (err != -ENOENT)
        goto beach;             /* Genuine error */

      /* Device has no playback streams */
      continue;
    }
    if (strstr (snd_pcm_info_get_name (pinfo), "IEC958") == NULL)
      continue;                 /* Not the device we are looking for */

    count = snd_pcm_info_get_subdevices_count (pinfo);
    GST_LOG_OBJECT (sink, "Device %d has %d subdevices\n", dev,
        snd_pcm_info_get_subdevices_count (pinfo));
    for (idx = 0; idx < count; idx++) {
      snd_pcm_info_set_subdevice (pinfo, idx);

      if ((err = snd_ctl_pcm_info (ctl, pinfo)) < 0)
        goto beach;

      g_assert (snd_pcm_info_get_stream (pinfo) == SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK);

      GST_LOG_OBJECT (sink, "Found playback stream on dev %d sub-d %d\n", dev,
          idx);

      /* Found a suitable PCM device, let's open it */
      g_snprintf (pcm_name, 24, "hw:%d,%d", card, dev);
      if ((err =
              snd_pcm_open (&(pcm), pcm_name, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0)
        goto beach;

      break;
    }
  } while (pcm == NULL);

  if (pcm != NULL) {
    snd_ctl_elem_value_t *cval;
    snd_aes_iec958_t iec958;

    /* Have a PCM device and a mixer, set things up */
    snd_ctl_elem_value_malloc (&cval);
    snd_ctl_elem_value_set_id (cval, cid);
    snd_ctl_elem_value_get_iec958 (cval, &iec958);
    iec958.status[0] = IEC958_AES0_NONAUDIO;
    iec958.status[1] = IEC958_AES1_CON_ORIGINAL | IEC958_AES1_CON_PCM_CODER;
    iec958.status[2] = 0;
    iec958.status[3] = IEC958_AES3_CON_FS_48000;
    snd_ctl_elem_value_set_iec958 (cval, &iec958);
    snd_ctl_elem_value_free (cval);

    sink->pcm = pcm;
    pcm = NULL;
    err = 0;
  }

beach:
  if (pcm)
    snd_pcm_close (pcm);
  if (clist)
    snd_ctl_elem_list_clear (clist);
  if (ctl)
    snd_ctl_close (ctl);
  if (clist)
    snd_ctl_elem_list_free (clist);
  if (cid)
    snd_ctl_elem_id_free (cid);
  if (info)
    snd_ctl_card_info_free (info);
  if (pinfo)
    snd_pcm_info_free (pinfo);
  return err;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_open (&alsa_dev, device, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot open audio device \"%s\" (%s)\n", device, snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	snd_pcm_nonblock (alsa_dev, 0) ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc (&hw_params)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot allocate hardware parameter structure (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any (alsa_dev, hw_params)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot initialize hardware parameter structure (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (alsa_dev, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set access type (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (alsa_dev, hw_params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set sample format (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near (alsa_dev, hw_params, &samplerate, 0)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set sample rate (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (alsa_dev, hw_params, channels)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set channel count (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near (alsa_dev, hw_params, &alsa_buffer_frames)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set buffer size (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (alsa_dev, hw_params, &alsa_period_size, 0)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set period size (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params (alsa_dev, hw_params)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set parameters (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	/* extra check: if we have only one period, this code won't work */
	snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size (hw_params, &alsa_period_size, 0) ;
	snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size (hw_params, &buffer_size) ;
	if (alsa_period_size == buffer_size)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "Can't use period equal to buffer size (%lu == %lu)", alsa_period_size, buffer_size) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	snd_pcm_hw_params_free (hw_params) ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc (&sw_params)) != 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "%s: snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc: %s", __func__, snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current (alsa_dev, sw_params)) != 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "%s: snd_pcm_sw_params_current: %s", __func__, snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	/* note: set start threshold to delay start until the ring buffer is full */
	snd_pcm_sw_params_current (alsa_dev, sw_params) ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (alsa_dev, sw_params, buffer_size)) < 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "cannot set start threshold (%s)\n", snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params (alsa_dev, sw_params)) != 0)
	{	fprintf (stderr, "%s: snd_pcm_sw_params: %s", __func__, snd_strerror (err)) ;
		goto catch_error ;
		} ;

	snd_pcm_sw_params_free (sw_params) ;

	snd_pcm_reset (alsa_dev) ;

catch_error :

	if (err < 0 && alsa_dev != NULL)
	{	snd_pcm_close (alsa_dev) ;
		return NULL ;
		} ;

	return alsa_dev ;
} /* alsa_open */

void * snd_record(void* voidargs) {
    struct snd_record_args* args = (snd_record_args*) voidargs;
    *args->returnObj.state = 0;
    long loops;
    int rc;
    int size;
    snd_pcm_t *handle;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params;
    unsigned int val;
    int dir;
    snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
    uint16_t *buffer;
    int* signalNewState = args->signalNewState;
    bool continuous_capture = args->duration <= 0 ? true : false;
    /* Open PCM device for recording (capture). */
    rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, (const char*) args->dev_name.c_str(), SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, 0);
    pthread_cleanup_push(deallocate_srarg, voidargs);
    if (rc < 0) {
        fp_err(FPOL_PCM, "unable to open pcm device: %s", snd_strerror(rc));
        fp_debug(FPOL_PCM, "dev_name: %s", (char*) args->dev_name.c_str());
        args->returnObj.errorcode = 1;
        //pthread_cleanup_pop(1);
        //return NULL;
        pthread_exit(NULL);
    }
    /* Allocate a hardware parameters object. */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&params);

    /* Fill it in with default values. */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);

    /* Set the desired hardware parameters. */

    /* Interleaved mode */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);

    /* Signed 16-bit little-endian format */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);

    /* Two channels (stereo) */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);

    /* 44100 samples/second sampling rate (CD quality) */
    val = args->samplingFrequency;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);

    /* Set period size to 32 frames. */
    frames = 1152; //32; //
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, params, &frames, &dir);

    /* Write the parameters to the driver */
    rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params);
    if (rc < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "unable to set hw parameters: %s\n", snd_strerror(rc));
        std::cout << "\n" << getTime() << " snd_record: unable to set hw parameters: " << snd_strerror(rc) << "\n";
        pthread_exit(NULL);
    }

    /* Use a buffer large enough to hold one period */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
    size = frames * 4; /* 2 bytes/sample, 2 channels */
    buffer = (uint16_t*) malloc(size);
    free_pcm_args fpa;
    fpa.handle = handle;
    fpa.buffer = buffer;
    pthread_cleanup_push(&free_pcm, (void*) &fpa);
    /* We want to loop for 5 seconds */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
    loops = args->duration * 1000000 / val;
    *args->returnObj.state = 1;
    while (*signalNewState >= 0 && (loops > 0 || continuous_capture)) {
        loops--;
        rc = snd_pcm_readi(handle, (void**) buffer, frames);
        if (rc == -EPIPE) {
            /* EPIPE means overrun */
            fprintf(stderr, "overrun occurred\n");
            snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
        } else if (rc < 0) {
            args->returnObj.error = std::string("error from read: ") + std::string(snd_strerror(rc));
            std::cout << "\n" << getTime() << " snd_record(): error from read: " << snd_strerror(rc) << "\n";
            break;
        } else if (rc != (int) frames) {
            fprintf(stderr, "short read, read %d frames\n", rc);
        }
        (*(args->periodbuffer))[*args->periodbufferfloat].initferryperiod(size, 2);
        memcpy((*args->periodbuffer)[*args->periodbufferfloat].period, buffer, (*args->periodbuffer)[*args->periodbufferfloat].length);
        (*args->periodbufferfloat)++;
        (*args->periodbufferfloat) %= *args->periodbufferlength;
        //        if (rc != size) {
        //            fprintf(stderr, "short write: wrote %d bytes\n", rc);
        //        }
    }
    snd_pcm_drain(handle);
    snd_pcm_close(handle);
    free(buffer);
    pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
    *args->returnObj.state = -1;
    pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
    return NULL;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    if (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold(pcm_handle, swparams, 0xffffffff) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error in snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold. : %s\n", snd_strerror(err));
        return -1;
    }

    if (snd_pcm_sw_params(pcm_handle, swparams) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error in snd_pcm_sw_params. : %s\n", snd_strerror(err));
        return -1;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_prepare(pcm_handle)) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error snd_pcm_prepare : %s\n", snd_strerror(err));
        return -1;
    }

    // allocate the audio output buffer
    pOutputBuffer = new int16_t[Channels * FragmentSize];
    
    this->bInitialized = true;

    return 0;
}

/**
 *  Checks if sound card supports the chosen parameters.
 *
 *  @returns  true if hardware supports it
 */
bool AlsaIO::HardwareParametersSupported(uint channels, int samplerate, uint numfragments, uint fragmentsize) {
    pcm_name = "hw:0,0";
    if (snd_pcm_open(&pcm_handle, pcm_name.c_str(), stream, 0) < 0) return false;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&hwparams);
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_any(pcm_handle, hwparams) < 0) {
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_access(pcm_handle, hwparams, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED) < 0) {
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }
    #if WORDS_BIGENDIAN
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(pcm_handle, hwparams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE) < 0) {
    #else // little endian
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(pcm_handle, hwparams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE) < 0) {
    #endif
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }
    int dir = 0;
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_rate(pcm_handle, hwparams, samplerate, dir) < 0) {
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_channels(pcm_handle, hwparams, channels) < 0) {
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_periods(pcm_handle, hwparams, numfragments, dir) < 0) {
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }
    if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_buffer_size(pcm_handle, hwparams, (fragmentsize * numfragments)) < 0) {
        snd_pcm_close(pcm_handle);
        return false;
    }

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);

    /* Two channels (stereo) */
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);

    /* 44100 bits/second sampling rate (CD quality) */
    val = 44100;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);

    /* Write the parameters to the driver */
    rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params);
    if (rc < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "unable to set hw parameters: %s\n", snd_strerror(rc));
        exit(1);
    }

    /* Display information about the PCM interface */

    printf("PCM handle name = '%s'\n", snd_pcm_name(handle));

    printf("PCM state = %s\n", snd_pcm_state_name(snd_pcm_state(handle)));

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access(params, (snd_pcm_access_t *) & val);
    printf("access type = %s\n", snd_pcm_access_name((snd_pcm_access_t) val));

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format(params, (snd_pcm_format_t*) & val);
    printf("format = '%s' (%s)\n", snd_pcm_format_name((snd_pcm_format_t) val), snd_pcm_format_description((snd_pcm_format_t) val));

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_subformat(params, (snd_pcm_subformat_t *) & val);
    printf("subformat = '%s' (%s)\n", snd_pcm_subformat_name((snd_pcm_subformat_t) val), snd_pcm_subformat_description((snd_pcm_subformat_t) val));

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels(params, &val);
    printf("channels = %d\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(params, &val, &dir);
    printf("rate = %d sps\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params,
            &val, &dir);
    printf("period time = %d us\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params,
            &frames, &dir);
    printf("period size = %d frames\n", (int) frames);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_time(params,
            &val, &dir);
    printf("buffer time = %d us\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size(params,
            (snd_pcm_uframes_t *) & val);
    printf("buffer size = %d frames\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods(params, &val, &dir);
    printf("periods per buffer = %d frames\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_numden(params,
            &val, &val2);
    printf("exact rate = %d/%d bps\n", val, val2);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_sbits(params);
    printf("significant bits = %d\n", val);

    snd_pcm_hw_params_get_tick_time(params, &val, &dir);
    printf("tick time = %d us\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_batch(params);
    printf("is batch = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_block_transfer(params);
    printf("is block transfer = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_double(params);
    printf("is double = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_half_duplex(params);
    printf("is half duplex = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_joint_duplex(params);
    printf("is joint duplex = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_overrange(params);
    printf("can overrange = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_mmap_sample_resolution(params);
    printf("can mmap = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause(params);
    printf("can pause = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_resume(params);
    printf("can resume = %d\n", val);

    val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_sync_start(params);
    printf("can sync start = %d\n", val);

    snd_pcm_close(handle);

    return 0;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
                    perror("\nsnd_pcm_hw_params_alloca:");
                    exit(1);
            }
             rc=snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);//初始化params
            if(rc<0)
            {
                    perror("\nsnd_pcm_hw_params_any:");
                    exit(1);
            }
            rc=snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED); //初始化访问权限
            if(rc<0)
            {
                    perror("\nsed_pcm_hw_set_access:");
                    exit(1);

            }

            //采样位数
            switch(bit/8)