int __devinit lola_create_pcm(struct lola *chip)
{
	struct snd_pcm *pcm;
	int i, err;

	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
		err = snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
					  snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
					  PAGE_SIZE, &chip->pcm[i].bdl);
		if (err < 0)
			return err;
	}

	err = snd_pcm_new(chip->card, "Digigram Lola", 0,
			  chip->pcm[SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK].num_streams,
			  chip->pcm[SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE].num_streams,
			  &pcm);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	strlcpy(pcm->name, "Digigram Lola", sizeof(pcm->name));
	pcm->private_data = chip;
	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
		if (chip->pcm[i].num_streams)
			snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, i, &lola_pcm_ops);
	}
	/* buffer pre-allocation */
	snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG,
					      snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
					      1024 * 64, 32 * 1024 * 1024);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * try to allocate as the large pages as possible.
 * stores the resultant memory size in *res_size.
 *
 * the minimum size is snd_minimum_buffer.  it should be power of 2.
 */
static int preallocate_pcm_pages(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream, size_t size)
{
	struct snd_dma_buffer *dmab = &substream->dma_buffer;
	int err;

	snd_assert(size > 0, return -EINVAL);

	/* already reserved? */
	if (snd_dma_get_reserved_buf(dmab, substream->dma_buf_id) > 0) {
		if (dmab->bytes >= size)
			return 0; /* yes */
		/* no, free the reserved block */
		snd_dma_free_pages(dmab);
		dmab->bytes = 0;
	}

	do {
		if ((err = snd_dma_alloc_pages(dmab->dev.type, dmab->dev.dev,
					       size, dmab)) < 0) {
			if (err != -ENOMEM)
				return err; /* fatal error */
		} else
			return 0;
		size >>= 1;
	} while (size >= snd_minimum_buffer);
	dmab->bytes = 0; /* tell error */
	return 0;
}

static int snd_hammerfall_get_buffer(struct pci_dev *pci, struct snd_dma_buffer *dmab, size_t size)
{
	dmab->dev.type = SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV;
	dmab->dev.dev = snd_dma_pci_data(pci);
	if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(pci),
				size, dmab) < 0)
		return -ENOMEM;
	return 0;
}

void *snd_malloc_sgbuf_pages(struct device *device,
			     size_t size, struct snd_dma_buffer *dmab,
			     size_t *res_size)
{
	struct snd_sg_buf *sgbuf;
	unsigned int i, pages;
	struct snd_dma_buffer tmpb;

	dmab->area = NULL;
	dmab->addr = 0;
	dmab->private_data = sgbuf = kzalloc(sizeof(*sgbuf), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (! sgbuf)
		return NULL;
	sgbuf->dev = device;
	pages = snd_sgbuf_aligned_pages(size);
	sgbuf->tblsize = sgbuf_align_table(pages);
	sgbuf->table = kcalloc(sgbuf->tblsize, sizeof(*sgbuf->table), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (! sgbuf->table)
		goto _failed;
	sgbuf->page_table = kcalloc(sgbuf->tblsize, sizeof(*sgbuf->page_table), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (! sgbuf->page_table)
		goto _failed;

	/* allocate each page */
	for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
		if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, device, PAGE_SIZE, &tmpb) < 0) {
			if (res_size == NULL)
				goto _failed;
			*res_size = size = sgbuf->pages * PAGE_SIZE;
			break;
		}
		sgbuf->table[i].buf = tmpb.area;
		sgbuf->table[i].addr = tmpb.addr;
#if (defined(CONFIG_LS2E_DEV_BOARD) || defined(CONFIG_LS2F_DEV_BOARD)) && defined(CONFIG_DMA_NONCOHERENT)
		sgbuf->page_table[i] = virt_to_page(CAC_ADDR(tmpb.area));
#else
		sgbuf->page_table[i] = virt_to_page(tmpb.area);
#endif
		sgbuf->pages++;
	}

	sgbuf->size = size;

#if (defined(CONFIG_LS2E_DEV_BOARD) || defined(CONFIG_LS2F_DEV_BOARD)) && defined(CONFIG_DMA_NONCOHERENT)
	dmab->area = vmap(sgbuf->page_table, sgbuf->pages, VM_MAP | VM_IO, pgprot_noncached(PAGE_KERNEL));
#else
	dmab->area = vmap(sgbuf->page_table, sgbuf->pages, VM_MAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
#endif
	if (! dmab->area)
		goto _failed;
	return dmab->area;

 _failed:
	snd_free_sgbuf_pages(dmab); /* free the table */
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * build packets ring for the given buffer size.
 *
 * IXP handles the buffer descriptors, which are connected as a linked
 * list.  although we can change the list dynamically, in this version,
 * a static RING of buffer descriptors is used.
 *
 * the ring is built in this function, and is set up to the hardware. 
 */
static int atiixp_build_dma_packets(struct atiixp *chip, struct atiixp_dma *dma,
				    struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
				    unsigned int periods,
				    unsigned int period_bytes)
{
	unsigned int i;
	u32 addr, desc_addr;
	unsigned long flags;

	if (periods > ATI_MAX_DESCRIPTORS)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (dma->desc_buf.area == NULL) {
		if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
					snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
					ATI_DESC_LIST_SIZE,
					&dma->desc_buf) < 0)
			return -ENOMEM;
		dma->period_bytes = dma->periods = 0; /* clear */
	}

	if (dma->periods == periods && dma->period_bytes == period_bytes)
		return 0;

	/* reset DMA before changing the descriptor table */
	spin_lock_irqsave(&chip->reg_lock, flags);
	writel(0, chip->remap_addr + dma->ops->llp_offset);
	dma->ops->enable_dma(chip, 0);
	dma->ops->enable_dma(chip, 1);
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&chip->reg_lock, flags);

	/* fill the entries */
	addr = (u32)substream->runtime->dma_addr;
	desc_addr = (u32)dma->desc_buf.addr;
	for (i = 0; i < periods; i++) {
		struct atiixp_dma_desc *desc;
		desc = &((struct atiixp_dma_desc *)dma->desc_buf.area)[i];
		desc->addr = cpu_to_le32(addr);
		desc->status = 0;
		desc->size = period_bytes >> 2; /* in dwords */
		desc_addr += sizeof(struct atiixp_dma_desc);
		if (i == periods - 1)
			desc->next = cpu_to_le32((u32)dma->desc_buf.addr);
		else
			desc->next = cpu_to_le32(desc_addr);
		addr += period_bytes;
	}

	writel((u32)dma->desc_buf.addr | ATI_REG_LINKPTR_EN,
	       chip->remap_addr + dma->ops->llp_offset);

	dma->period_bytes = period_bytes;
	dma->periods = periods;

	return 0;
}

static int cs5535audio_build_dma_packets(struct cs5535audio *cs5535au,
					 struct cs5535audio_dma *dma,
					 struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
					 unsigned int periods,
					 unsigned int period_bytes)
{
	unsigned int i;
	u32 addr, desc_addr, jmpprd_addr;
	struct cs5535audio_dma_desc *lastdesc;

	if (periods > CS5535AUDIO_MAX_DESCRIPTORS)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (dma->desc_buf.area == NULL) {
		if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
					snd_dma_pci_data(cs5535au->pci),
					CS5535AUDIO_DESC_LIST_SIZE+1,
					&dma->desc_buf) < 0)
			return -ENOMEM;
		dma->period_bytes = dma->periods = 0;
	}

	if (dma->periods == periods && dma->period_bytes == period_bytes)
		return 0;

	/* the u32 cast is okay because in snd*create we successfully told
   	   pci alloc that we're only 32 bit capable so the uppper will be 0 */
	addr = (u32) substream->runtime->dma_addr;
	desc_addr = (u32) dma->desc_buf.addr;
	for (i = 0; i < periods; i++) {
		struct cs5535audio_dma_desc *desc =
			&((struct cs5535audio_dma_desc *) dma->desc_buf.area)[i];
		desc->addr = cpu_to_le32(addr);
		desc->size = cpu_to_le32(period_bytes);
		desc->ctlreserved = cpu_to_le16(PRD_EOP);
		desc_addr += sizeof(struct cs5535audio_dma_desc);
		addr += period_bytes;
	}
	/* we reserved one dummy descriptor at the end to do the PRD jump */
	lastdesc = &((struct cs5535audio_dma_desc *) dma->desc_buf.area)[periods];
	lastdesc->addr = cpu_to_le32((u32) dma->desc_buf.addr);
	lastdesc->size = 0;
	lastdesc->ctlreserved = cpu_to_le16(PRD_JMP);
	jmpprd_addr = cpu_to_le32(lastdesc->addr +
				  (sizeof(struct cs5535audio_dma_desc)*periods));

	dma->substream = substream;
	dma->period_bytes = period_bytes;
	dma->periods = periods;
	spin_lock_irq(&cs5535au->reg_lock);
	dma->ops->disable_dma(cs5535au);
	dma->ops->setup_prd(cs5535au, jmpprd_addr);
	spin_unlock_irq(&cs5535au->reg_lock);
	return 0;
}

static int snd_bt87x_create_risc(struct snd_bt87x *chip, struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
			       	 unsigned int periods, unsigned int period_bytes)
{
	unsigned int i, offset;
	u32 *risc;

	if (chip->dma_risc.area == NULL) {
		if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
					PAGE_ALIGN(MAX_RISC_SIZE), &chip->dma_risc) < 0)
			return -ENOMEM;
	}
	risc = (u32 *)chip->dma_risc.area;
	offset = 0;
	*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(RISC_SYNC | RISC_SYNC_FM1);
	*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(0);
	for (i = 0; i < periods; ++i) {
		u32 rest;

		rest = period_bytes;
		do {
			u32 cmd, len;
			unsigned int addr;

			len = PAGE_SIZE - (offset % PAGE_SIZE);
			if (len > rest)
				len = rest;
			cmd = RISC_WRITE | len;
			if (rest == period_bytes) {
				u32 block = i * 16 / periods;
				cmd |= RISC_SOL;
				cmd |= block << RISC_SET_STATUS_SHIFT;
				cmd |= (~block & 0xf) << RISC_RESET_STATUS_SHIFT;
			}
			if (len == rest)
				cmd |= RISC_EOL | RISC_IRQ;
			*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(cmd);
			addr = snd_pcm_sgbuf_get_addr(substream, offset);
			*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(addr);
			offset += len;
			rest -= len;
		} while (rest > 0);
	}
	*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(RISC_SYNC | RISC_SYNC_VRO);
	*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(0);
	*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(RISC_JUMP);
	*risc++ = cpu_to_le32(chip->dma_risc.addr);
	chip->line_bytes = period_bytes;
	chip->lines = periods;
	return 0;
}

void *snd_malloc_sgbuf_pages(struct device *device,
                 size_t size, struct snd_dma_buffer *dmab,
                 size_t *res_size)
{
    struct snd_sg_buf *sgbuf;
    unsigned int i, pages;
    struct snd_dma_buffer tmpb;

    dmab->area = NULL;
    dmab->addr = 0;
    dmab->private_data = sgbuf = kzalloc(sizeof(*sgbuf), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (! sgbuf)
        return NULL;
    sgbuf->dev = device;
    pages = snd_sgbuf_aligned_pages(size);
    sgbuf->tblsize = sgbuf_align_table(pages);
    sgbuf->table = kcalloc(sgbuf->tblsize, sizeof(*sgbuf->table), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (! sgbuf->table)
        goto _failed;
    sgbuf->page_table = kcalloc(sgbuf->tblsize, sizeof(*sgbuf->page_table), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (! sgbuf->page_table)
        goto _failed;

    /* allocate each page */
    for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
        if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, device, PAGE_SIZE, &tmpb) < 0) {
            if (res_size == NULL)
                goto _failed;
            *res_size = size = sgbuf->pages * PAGE_SIZE;
            break;
        }
        sgbuf->table[i].buf = tmpb.area;
        sgbuf->table[i].addr = tmpb.addr;
        sgbuf->page_table[i] = virt_to_page(tmpb.area);
        sgbuf->pages++;
    }

    sgbuf->size = size;
    dmab->area = vmap(sgbuf->page_table, sgbuf->pages, VM_MAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
    if (! dmab->area)
        goto _failed;
    return dmab->area;

 _failed:
    snd_free_sgbuf_pages(dmab); /* free the table */
    return NULL;
}

/**
 * snd_dma_alloc_pages_fallback - allocate the buffer area according to the given type with fallback
 * @type: the DMA buffer type
 * @device: the device pointer
 * @size: the buffer size to allocate
 * @dmab: buffer allocation record to store the allocated data
 *
 * Calls the memory-allocator function for the corresponding
 * buffer type.  When no space is left, this function reduces the size and
 * tries to allocate again.  The size actually allocated is stored in
 * res_size argument.
 *
 * Return: Zero if the buffer with the given size is allocated successfully,
 * otherwise a negative value on error.
 */
int snd_dma_alloc_pages_fallback(int type, struct device *device, size_t size,
				 struct snd_dma_buffer *dmab)
{
	int err;

	while ((err = snd_dma_alloc_pages(type, device, size, dmab)) < 0) {
		if (err != -ENOMEM)
			return err;
		if (size <= PAGE_SIZE)
			return -ENOMEM;
		size >>= 1;
		size = PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size);
	}
	if (! dmab->area)
		return -ENOMEM;
	return 0;
}

static int stm32_spdifrx_dma_ctrl_register(struct device *dev,
					   struct stm32_spdifrx_data *spdifrx)
{
	int ret;

	spdifrx->dmab = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(struct snd_dma_buffer),
				     GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!spdifrx->dmab)
		return -ENOMEM;

	spdifrx->dmab->dev.type = SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_IRAM;
	spdifrx->dmab->dev.dev = dev;
	ret = snd_dma_alloc_pages(spdifrx->dmab->dev.type, dev,
				  SPDIFRX_CSR_BUF_LENGTH, spdifrx->dmab);
	if (ret < 0) {
		dev_err(dev, "snd_dma_alloc_pages returned error %d\n", ret);
		return ret;
	}

	spdifrx->ctrl_chan = dma_request_chan(dev, "rx-ctrl");
	if (!spdifrx->ctrl_chan) {
		dev_err(dev, "dma_request_slave_channel failed\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	spdifrx->slave_config.direction = DMA_DEV_TO_MEM;
	spdifrx->slave_config.src_addr = (dma_addr_t)(spdifrx->phys_addr +
					 STM32_SPDIFRX_CSR);
	spdifrx->slave_config.dst_addr = spdifrx->dmab->addr;
	spdifrx->slave_config.src_addr_width = DMA_SLAVE_BUSWIDTH_4_BYTES;
	spdifrx->slave_config.src_maxburst = 1;

	ret = dmaengine_slave_config(spdifrx->ctrl_chan,
				     &spdifrx->slave_config);
	if (ret < 0) {
		dev_err(dev, "dmaengine_slave_config returned error %d\n", ret);
		dma_release_channel(spdifrx->ctrl_chan);
		spdifrx->ctrl_chan = NULL;
	}

	return ret;
};

/**
 * snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages - allocate the DMA buffer
 * @substream: the substream to allocate the DMA buffer to
 * @size: the requested buffer size in bytes
 *
 * Allocates the DMA buffer on the BUS type given earlier to
 * snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_xxx_pages().
 *
 * Return: 1 if the buffer is changed, 0 if not changed, or a negative
 * code on failure.
 */
int snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, size_t size)
{
	struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime;
	struct snd_dma_buffer *dmab = NULL;

	if (PCM_RUNTIME_CHECK(substream))
		return -EINVAL;
	if (snd_BUG_ON(substream->dma_buffer.dev.type ==
		       SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_UNKNOWN))
		return -EINVAL;
	runtime = substream->runtime;

	if (runtime->dma_buffer_p) {
		/* perphaps, we might free the large DMA memory region
		   to save some space here, but the actual solution
		   costs us less time */
		if (runtime->dma_buffer_p->bytes >= size) {
			runtime->dma_bytes = size;
			return 0;	/* ok, do not change */
		}
		snd_pcm_lib_free_pages(substream);
	}
	if (substream->dma_buffer.area != NULL &&
	    substream->dma_buffer.bytes >= size) {
		dmab = &substream->dma_buffer; /* use the pre-allocated buffer */
	} else {
		dmab = kzalloc(sizeof(*dmab), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (! dmab)
			return -ENOMEM;
		dmab->dev = substream->dma_buffer.dev;
		if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(substream->dma_buffer.dev.type,
					substream->dma_buffer.dev.dev,
					size, dmab) < 0) {
			kfree(dmab);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}
	}
	snd_pcm_set_runtime_buffer(substream, dmab);
	runtime->dma_bytes = size;
	return 1;			/* area was changed */
}

/*
 * write callback for prealloc proc file
 *
 * accepts the preallocation size in kB.
 */
static void snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_proc_write(struct snd_info_entry *entry,
					       struct snd_info_buffer *buffer)
{
	struct snd_pcm_substream *substream = entry->private_data;
	char line[64], str[64];
	size_t size;
	struct snd_dma_buffer new_dmab;

	if (substream->runtime) {
		buffer->error = -EBUSY;
		return;
	}
	if (!snd_info_get_line(buffer, line, sizeof(line))) {
		snd_info_get_str(str, line, sizeof(str));
		size = simple_strtoul(str, NULL, 10) * 1024;
		if ((size != 0 && size < 8192) || size > substream->dma_max) {
			buffer->error = -EINVAL;
			return;
		}
		if (substream->dma_buffer.bytes == size)
			return;
		memset(&new_dmab, 0, sizeof(new_dmab));
		new_dmab.dev = substream->dma_buffer.dev;
		if (size > 0) {
			if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(substream->dma_buffer.dev.type,
						substream->dma_buffer.dev.dev,
						size, &new_dmab) < 0) {
				buffer->error = -ENOMEM;
				return;
			}
			substream->buffer_bytes_max = size;
		} else {
			substream->buffer_bytes_max = UINT_MAX;
		}
		if (substream->dma_buffer.area)
			snd_dma_free_pages(&substream->dma_buffer);
		substream->dma_buffer = new_dmab;
	} else {
		buffer->error = -EINVAL;
	}
}

static int setup_corb_rirb(struct lola *chip)
{
	int err;
	unsigned char tmp;
	unsigned long end_time;

	err = snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
				  snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
				  PAGE_SIZE, &chip->rb);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;

	chip->corb.addr = chip->rb.addr;
	chip->corb.buf = (u32 *)chip->rb.area;
	chip->rirb.addr = chip->rb.addr + 2048;
	chip->rirb.buf = (u32 *)(chip->rb.area + 2048);

	/*                         */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBCTL, 0);
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBCTL, 0);

	end_time = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(200);
	do {
		if (!lola_readb(chip, BAR0, RIRBCTL) &&
		    !lola_readb(chip, BAR0, CORBCTL))
			break;
		msleep(1);
	} while (time_before(jiffies, end_time));

	/*             */
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, CORBLBASE, (u32)chip->corb.addr);
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, CORBUBASE, upper_32_bits(chip->corb.addr));
	/*                                  */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBSIZE, 0x02);
	/*                                 */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, CORBWP, 0);
	/*                                */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, CORBRP, LOLA_RBRWP_CLR);
	/*                 */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBCTL, LOLA_RBCTL_DMA_EN);
	/*                    */
	tmp = lola_readb(chip, BAR0, CORBSTS) & LOLA_CORB_INT_MASK;
	if (tmp)
		lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBSTS, tmp);
	chip->corb.wp = 0;

	/*             */
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, RIRBLBASE, (u32)chip->rirb.addr);
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, RIRBUBASE, upper_32_bits(chip->rirb.addr));
	/*                                  */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBSIZE, 0x02);
	/*                                 */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, RIRBWP, LOLA_RBRWP_CLR);
	/*                                                    */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, RINTCNT, 1);
	/*                                  */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBCTL, LOLA_RBCTL_DMA_EN | LOLA_RBCTL_IRQ_EN);
	/*                    */
	tmp =  lola_readb(chip, BAR0, RIRBSTS) & LOLA_RIRB_INT_MASK;
	if (tmp)
		lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBSTS, tmp);
	chip->rirb.rp = chip->rirb.cmds = 0;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * DMA page allocation ops.
 */
static int dma_alloc_pages(struct azx *chip, int type, size_t size,
			   struct snd_dma_buffer *buf)
{
	return snd_dma_alloc_pages(type, chip->card->dev, size, buf);
}

static int snd_card_emu10k1_probe(struct pci_dev *pci,
				  const struct pci_device_id *pci_id)
{
	static int dev;
	struct snd_card *card;
	struct snd_emu10k1 *emu;
#ifdef ENABLE_SYNTH
	struct snd_seq_device *wave = NULL;
#endif
	int err;

	if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS)
        	return -ENODEV;
	if (!enable[dev]) {
		dev++;
		return -ENOENT;
	}

	err = snd_card_create(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	if (max_buffer_size[dev] < 32)
		max_buffer_size[dev] = 32;
	else if (max_buffer_size[dev] > 1024)
		max_buffer_size[dev] = 1024;
	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_create(card, pci, extin[dev], extout[dev],
				      (long)max_buffer_size[dev] * 1024 * 1024,
				      enable_ir[dev], subsystem[dev],
				      &emu)) < 0)
		goto error;
	card->private_data = emu;
	emu->delay_pcm_irq = delay_pcm_irq[dev] & 0x1f;
	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_pcm(emu, 0, NULL)) < 0)
		goto error;
	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_pcm_mic(emu, 1, NULL)) < 0)
		goto error;
	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_pcm_efx(emu, 2, NULL)) < 0)
		goto error;
	/* This stores the periods table. */
	if (emu->card_capabilities->ca0151_chip) { /* P16V */	
		if ((err = snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(pci),
					       1024, &emu->p16v_buffer)) < 0)
			goto error;
	}

	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu, 0, 3)) < 0)
		goto error;
	
	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_timer(emu, 0)) < 0)
		goto error;

	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_pcm_multi(emu, 3, NULL)) < 0)
		goto error;
	if (emu->card_capabilities->ca0151_chip) { /* P16V */
		if ((err = snd_p16v_pcm(emu, 4, NULL)) < 0)
			goto error;
	}
	if (emu->audigy) {
		if ((err = snd_emu10k1_audigy_midi(emu)) < 0)
			goto error;
	} else {
		if ((err = snd_emu10k1_midi(emu)) < 0)
			goto error;
	}
	if ((err = snd_emu10k1_fx8010_new(emu, 0, NULL)) < 0)
		goto error;
#ifdef ENABLE_SYNTH
	if (snd_seq_device_new(card, 1, SNDRV_SEQ_DEV_ID_EMU10K1_SYNTH,
			       sizeof(struct snd_emu10k1_synth_arg), &wave) < 0 ||
	    wave == NULL) {
		snd_printk(KERN_WARNING "can't initialize Emu10k1 wavetable synth\n");
	} else {
		struct snd_emu10k1_synth_arg *arg;
		arg = SNDRV_SEQ_DEVICE_ARGPTR(wave);
		strcpy(wave->name, "Emu-10k1 Synth");
		arg->hwptr = emu;
		arg->index = 1;
		arg->seq_ports = seq_ports[dev];
		arg->max_voices = max_synth_voices[dev];
	}
#endif
 
	strlcpy(card->driver, emu->card_capabilities->driver,
		sizeof(card->driver));
	strlcpy(card->shortname, emu->card_capabilities->name,
		sizeof(card->shortname));
	snprintf(card->longname, sizeof(card->longname),
		 "%s (rev.%d, serial:0x%x) at 0x%lx, irq %i",
		 card->shortname, emu->revision, emu->serial, emu->port, emu->irq);

	if ((err = snd_card_register(card)) < 0)
		goto error;

	pci_set_drvdata(pci, card);
	dev++;
	return 0;

 error:
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*
 * DMA page allocation ops.
 */
static int dma_alloc_pages(struct hdac_bus *bus, int type, size_t size,
			   struct snd_dma_buffer *buf)
{
	return snd_dma_alloc_pages(type, bus->dev, size, buf);
}

static int build_via_table(struct viadev *dev, struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
			   struct pci_dev *pci,
			   unsigned int periods, unsigned int fragsize)
{
	unsigned int i, idx, ofs, rest;
	struct via82xx_modem *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);

	if (dev->table.area == NULL) {
		/*                                                    
                                                           
   */
		if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
					PAGE_ALIGN(VIA_TABLE_SIZE * 2 * 8),
					&dev->table) < 0)
			return -ENOMEM;
	}
	if (! dev->idx_table) {
		dev->idx_table = kmalloc(sizeof(*dev->idx_table) * VIA_TABLE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (! dev->idx_table)
			return -ENOMEM;
	}

	/*                  */
	idx = 0;
	ofs = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < periods; i++) {
		rest = fragsize;
		/*                               
                                                         
                        
   */
		do {
			unsigned int r;
			unsigned int flag;
			unsigned int addr;

			if (idx >= VIA_TABLE_SIZE) {
				snd_printk(KERN_ERR "via82xx: too much table size!\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			addr = snd_pcm_sgbuf_get_addr(substream, ofs);
			((u32 *)dev->table.area)[idx << 1] = cpu_to_le32(addr);
			r = PAGE_SIZE - (ofs % PAGE_SIZE);
			if (rest < r)
				r = rest;
			rest -= r;
			if (! rest) {
				if (i == periods - 1)
					flag = VIA_TBL_BIT_EOL; /*                 */
				else
					flag = VIA_TBL_BIT_FLAG; /*                 */
			} else
				flag = 0; /*                              */
			/*
                                                   
                                            
   */
			((u32 *)dev->table.area)[(idx<<1) + 1] = cpu_to_le32(r | flag);
			dev->idx_table[idx].offset = ofs;
			dev->idx_table[idx].size = r;
			ofs += r;
			idx++;
		} while (rest > 0);
	}
	dev->tbl_entries = idx;
	dev->bufsize = periods * fragsize;
	dev->bufsize2 = dev->bufsize / 2;
	return 0;
}

static int setup_corb_rirb(struct lola *chip)
{
	int err;
	unsigned char tmp;
	unsigned long end_time;

	err = snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
				  snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
				  PAGE_SIZE, &chip->rb);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;

	chip->corb.addr = chip->rb.addr;
	chip->corb.buf = (u32 *)chip->rb.area;
	chip->rirb.addr = chip->rb.addr + 2048;
	chip->rirb.buf = (u32 *)(chip->rb.area + 2048);

	/* disable ringbuffer DMAs */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBCTL, 0);
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBCTL, 0);

	end_time = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(200);
	do {
		if (!lola_readb(chip, BAR0, RIRBCTL) &&
		    !lola_readb(chip, BAR0, CORBCTL))
			break;
		msleep(1);
	} while (time_before(jiffies, end_time));

	/* CORB set up */
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, CORBLBASE, (u32)chip->corb.addr);
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, CORBUBASE, upper_32_bits(chip->corb.addr));
	/* set the corb size to 256 entries */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBSIZE, 0x02);
	/* set the corb write pointer to 0 */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, CORBWP, 0);
	/* reset the corb hw read pointer */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, CORBRP, LOLA_RBRWP_CLR);
	/* enable corb dma */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBCTL, LOLA_RBCTL_DMA_EN);
	/* clear flags if set */
	tmp = lola_readb(chip, BAR0, CORBSTS) & LOLA_CORB_INT_MASK;
	if (tmp)
		lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, CORBSTS, tmp);
	chip->corb.wp = 0;

	/* RIRB set up */
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, RIRBLBASE, (u32)chip->rirb.addr);
	lola_writel(chip, BAR0, RIRBUBASE, upper_32_bits(chip->rirb.addr));
	/* set the rirb size to 256 entries */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBSIZE, 0x02);
	/* reset the rirb hw write pointer */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, RIRBWP, LOLA_RBRWP_CLR);
	/* set N=1, get RIRB response interrupt for new entry */
	lola_writew(chip, BAR0, RINTCNT, 1);
	/* enable rirb dma and response irq */
	lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBCTL, LOLA_RBCTL_DMA_EN | LOLA_RBCTL_IRQ_EN);
	/* clear flags if set */
	tmp =  lola_readb(chip, BAR0, RIRBSTS) & LOLA_RIRB_INT_MASK;
	if (tmp)
		lola_writeb(chip, BAR0, RIRBSTS, tmp);
	chip->rirb.rp = chip->rirb.cmds = 0;

	return 0;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
	mgr->irq = pci->irq;

	sprintf(mgr->shortname, "Digigram miXart");
	sprintf(mgr->longname, "%s at 0x%lx & 0x%lx, irq %i", mgr->shortname, mgr->mem[0].phys, mgr->mem[1].phys, mgr->irq);

	/* ISR spinlock  */
	spin_lock_init(&mgr->lock);

	/* init mailbox  */
	mgr->msg_fifo_readptr = 0;
	mgr->msg_fifo_writeptr = 0;

	spin_lock_init(&mgr->msg_lock);
	mutex_init(&mgr->msg_mutex);
	init_waitqueue_head(&mgr->msg_sleep);
	atomic_set(&mgr->msg_processed, 0);

	/* init setup mutex*/
	mutex_init(&mgr->setup_mutex);

	/* init message taslket */
	tasklet_init(&mgr->msg_taskq, snd_mixart_msg_tasklet, (unsigned long) mgr);

	/* card assignment */
	mgr->num_cards = MIXART_MAX_CARDS; /* 4  FIXME: configurable? */
	for (i = 0; i < mgr->num_cards; i++) {
		struct snd_card *card;
		char tmpid[16];
		int idx;

		if (index[dev] < 0)
			idx = index[dev];
		else
			idx = index[dev] + i;
		snprintf(tmpid, sizeof(tmpid), "%s-%d", id[dev] ? id[dev] : "MIXART", i);
		card = snd_card_new(idx, tmpid, THIS_MODULE, 0);

		if (! card) {
			snd_printk(KERN_ERR "cannot allocate the card %d\n", i);
			snd_mixart_free(mgr);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}

		strcpy(card->driver, CARD_NAME);
		sprintf(card->shortname, "%s [PCM #%d]", mgr->shortname, i);
		sprintf(card->longname, "%s [PCM #%d]", mgr->longname, i);

		if ((err = snd_mixart_create(mgr, card, i)) < 0) {
			snd_card_free(card);
			snd_mixart_free(mgr);
			return err;
		}

		if(i==0) {
			/* init proc interface only for chip0 */
			snd_mixart_proc_init(mgr->chip[i]);
		}

		if ((err = snd_card_register(card)) < 0) {
			snd_mixart_free(mgr);
			return err;
		}
	}

	/* init firmware status (mgr->dsp_loaded reset in hwdep_new) */
	mgr->board_type = MIXART_DAUGHTER_TYPE_NONE;

	/* create array of streaminfo */
	size = PAGE_ALIGN( (MIXART_MAX_STREAM_PER_CARD * MIXART_MAX_CARDS *
			    sizeof(struct mixart_flowinfo)) );
	if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(pci),
				size, &mgr->flowinfo) < 0) {
		snd_mixart_free(mgr);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	/* init streaminfo_array */
	memset(mgr->flowinfo.area, 0, size);

	/* create array of bufferinfo */
	size = PAGE_ALIGN( (MIXART_MAX_STREAM_PER_CARD * MIXART_MAX_CARDS *
			    sizeof(struct mixart_bufferinfo)) );
	if (snd_dma_alloc_pages(SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(pci),
				size, &mgr->bufferinfo) < 0) {
		snd_mixart_free(mgr);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	/* init bufferinfo_array */
	memset(mgr->bufferinfo.area, 0, size);

	/* set up firmware */
	err = snd_mixart_setup_firmware(mgr);
	if (err < 0) {
		snd_mixart_free(mgr);
		return err;
	}

	pci_set_drvdata(pci, mgr);
	dev++;
	return 0;
}