static void write_png(const png_bytep rgba, png_uint_32 width, png_uint_32 height, SkWStream& out) {
    png_structp png = png_create_write_struct(PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    SkASSERT(png != nullptr);
    png_infop info_ptr = png_create_info_struct(png);
    SkASSERT(info_ptr != nullptr);
    if (setjmp(png_jmpbuf(png))) {
        SkFAIL("png encode error");
    }
    png_set_IHDR(png, info_ptr, width, height, 8, PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB, PNG_INTERLACE_NONE,
                 PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_DEFAULT, PNG_FILTER_TYPE_DEFAULT);
    png_set_compression_level(png, 1);
    png_bytepp rows = (png_bytepp) sk_malloc_throw(height * sizeof(png_byte*));
    png_bytep pixels = (png_bytep) sk_malloc_throw(width * height * 3);
    for (png_size_t y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
        const png_bytep src = rgba + y * width * 4;
        rows[y] = pixels + y * width * 3;
        // convert from RGBA to RGB
        for (png_size_t x = 0; x < width; ++x) {
            rows[y][x * 3] = src[x * 4];
            rows[y][x * 3 + 1] = src[x * 4 + 1];
            rows[y][x * 3 + 2] = src[x * 4 + 2];
        }
    }
    png_set_filter(png, 0, PNG_NO_FILTERS);
    png_set_rows(png, info_ptr, &rows[0]);
    png_set_write_fn(png, &out, write_png_callback, NULL);
    png_write_png(png, info_ptr, PNG_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY, NULL);
    png_destroy_write_struct(&png, NULL);
    sk_free(rows);
}

SkScalerContext_Ascender::SkScalerContext_Ascender(const SkDescriptor* desc)
    : SkScalerContext(desc)
{
    int size = aca_Get_FontHandleRec_Size();
    fHandle = (aca_FontHandle)sk_malloc_throw(size);
    
    // get the pointer to the font
    
    fFontStream = new SkMMAPStream("/UcsGB2312-Hei-H.FDL");
    fHintStream = new SkMMAPStream("/genv6-23.bin");
    
    void* hints = sk_malloc_throw(fHintStream->getLength());
    memcpy(hints, fHintStream->getMemoryBase(), fHintStream->getLength());
    
    aca_Create_Font_Handle(fHandle,
                           (void*)fFontStream->getMemoryBase(), fFontStream->getLength(),
                           "fred",
                           hints, fHintStream->getLength());
    
    // compute our factors from the record

    SkMatrix    m;

    fRec.getSingleMatrix(&m);

    //  now compute our scale factors
    SkScalar    sx = m.getScaleX();
    SkScalar    sy = m.getScaleY();
    
    int ppemX = SkScalarRound(sx);
    int ppemY = SkScalarRound(sy);
    
    size = aca_Find_Font_Memory_Required(fHandle, ppemX, ppemY);
    size *= 8;  // Jeff suggests this :)
    fWorkspace = sk_malloc_throw(size);
    aca_Set_Font_Memory(fHandle, (uint8_t*)fWorkspace, size);

    aca_GlyphAttribsRec rec;
    
    memset(&rec, 0, sizeof(rec));
    rec.xSize = ppemX;
    rec.ySize = ppemY;
    rec.doAdjust = true;
    rec.doExceptions = true;
    rec.doGlyphHints = true;
    rec.doInterpolate = true;
    rec.grayMode = 2;
    aca_Set_Font_Attributes(fHandle, &rec, &size);
    
    fGlyphWorkspace = sk_malloc_throw(size);
    aca_Set_Glyph_Memory(fHandle, fGlyphWorkspace);
}

char* SkOrderedReadBuffer::readString() {
    const char* string = fReader.readString();
    const int32_t length = strlen(string);
    char* value = (char*)sk_malloc_throw(length + 1);
    strcpy(value, string);
    return value;
}

SkDashPathEffect::SkDashPathEffect(SkReadBuffer& buffer) : INHERITED(buffer) {
    bool useOldPic = buffer.isVersionLT(SkReadBuffer::kDashWritesPhaseIntervals_Version);
    if (useOldPic) {
        fInitialDashIndex = buffer.readInt();
        fInitialDashLength = buffer.readScalar();
        fIntervalLength = buffer.readScalar();
        buffer.readBool(); // Dummy for old ScalarToFit field
    } else {
        fPhase = buffer.readScalar();
    }

    fCount = buffer.getArrayCount();
    size_t allocSize = sizeof(SkScalar) * fCount;
    if (buffer.validateAvailable(allocSize)) {
        fIntervals = (SkScalar*)sk_malloc_throw(allocSize);
        buffer.readScalarArray(fIntervals, fCount);
    } else {
        fIntervals = NULL;
    }

    if (useOldPic) {
        fPhase = 0;
        if (fInitialDashLength != -1) { // Signal for bad dash interval
            for (int i = 0; i < fInitialDashIndex; ++i) {
                fPhase += fIntervals[i];
            }
            fPhase += fIntervals[fInitialDashIndex] - fInitialDashLength;
        }
    } else {
        this->setInternalMembers(fPhase);
    }
}

const GrIndexBuffer* GrGpu::getQuadIndexBuffer() const {
    if (NULL == fQuadIndexBuffer || fQuadIndexBuffer->wasDestroyed()) {
        SkSafeUnref(fQuadIndexBuffer);
        static const int SIZE = sizeof(uint16_t) * 6 * MAX_QUADS;
        GrGpu* me = const_cast<GrGpu*>(this);
        fQuadIndexBuffer = me->createIndexBuffer(SIZE, false);
        if (fQuadIndexBuffer) {
            uint16_t* indices = (uint16_t*)fQuadIndexBuffer->map();
            if (indices) {
                fill_indices(indices, MAX_QUADS);
                fQuadIndexBuffer->unmap();
            } else {
                indices = (uint16_t*)sk_malloc_throw(SIZE);
                fill_indices(indices, MAX_QUADS);
                if (!fQuadIndexBuffer->updateData(indices, SIZE)) {
                    fQuadIndexBuffer->unref();
                    fQuadIndexBuffer = NULL;
                    SkFAIL("Can't get indices into buffer!");
                }
                sk_free(indices);
            }
        }
    }

    return fQuadIndexBuffer;
}

SkPDFShader::State::State(const SkShader& shader,
                          const SkMatrix& canvasTransform, const SkIRect& bbox)
        : fCanvasTransform(canvasTransform),
          fBBox(bbox),
          fPixelGeneration(0) {
    fInfo.fColorCount = 0;
    fInfo.fColors = NULL;
    fInfo.fColorOffsets = NULL;
    shader.getLocalMatrix(&fShaderTransform);
    fImageTileModes[0] = fImageTileModes[1] = SkShader::kClamp_TileMode;

    fType = shader.asAGradient(&fInfo);

    if (fType == SkShader::kNone_GradientType) {
        SkShader::BitmapType bitmapType;
        SkMatrix matrix;
        bitmapType = shader.asABitmap(&fImage, &matrix, fImageTileModes, NULL);
        if (bitmapType != SkShader::kDefault_BitmapType) {
            fImage.reset();
            return;
        }
        SkASSERT(matrix.isIdentity());
        fPixelGeneration = fImage.getGenerationID();
    } else {
        fColorData.set(sk_malloc_throw(
                    fInfo.fColorCount * (sizeof(SkColor) + sizeof(SkScalar))));
        fInfo.fColors = reinterpret_cast<SkColor*>(fColorData.get());
        fInfo.fColorOffsets =
            reinterpret_cast<SkScalar*>(fInfo.fColors + fInfo.fColorCount);
        shader.asAGradient(&fInfo);
    }
}

    int FindOrAdd(IDWriteFontFileLoader* fontFileLoader,
                  const void* refKey, UINT32 refKeySize) const
    {
        SkTScopedComPtr<IUnknown> fontFileLoaderId;
        HR_GENERAL(fontFileLoader->QueryInterface(&fontFileLoaderId),
                   "Failed to re-convert to IDWriteFontFileLoader.",
                   SkFontIdentity::kInvalidDataId);

        SkAutoMutexAcquire ama(fDataIdCacheMutex);
        int count = fDataIdCache.count();
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
            const DataId& current = fDataIdCache[i];
            if (fontFileLoaderId.get() == current.fLoader &&
                refKeySize == current.fKeySize &&
                0 == memcmp(refKey, current.fKey, refKeySize))
            {
                return i;
            }
        }
        DataId& added = fDataIdCache.push_back();
        added.fLoader = fontFileLoaderId.release();  // Ref is passed.
        added.fKey = sk_malloc_throw(refKeySize);
        memcpy(added.fKey, refKey, refKeySize);
        added.fKeySize = refKeySize;

        return i;
    }

void SkPDFShader::State::AllocateGradientInfoStorage() {
    fColorData.set(sk_malloc_throw(
               fInfo.fColorCount * (sizeof(SkColor) + sizeof(SkScalar))));
    fInfo.fColors = reinterpret_cast<SkColor*>(fColorData.get());
    fInfo.fColorOffsets =
            reinterpret_cast<SkScalar*>(fInfo.fColors + fInfo.fColorCount);
}

SkGradientShaderBase::SkGradientShaderBase(SkFlattenableReadBuffer& buffer) :
    INHERITED(buffer) {
    fCacheAlpha = 256;

    fMapper = buffer.readFlattenableT<SkUnitMapper>();

    fCache16 = fCache16Storage = NULL;
    fCache32 = NULL;
    fCache32PixelRef = NULL;

    int colorCount = fColorCount = buffer.getArrayCount();
    if (colorCount > kColorStorageCount) {
        size_t size = sizeof(SkColor) + sizeof(SkPMColor) + sizeof(Rec);
        fOrigColors = (SkColor*)sk_malloc_throw(size * colorCount);
    } else {
        fOrigColors = fStorage;
    }
    buffer.readColorArray(fOrigColors);

    fTileMode = (TileMode)buffer.readUInt();
    fTileProc = gTileProcs[fTileMode];
    fRecs = (Rec*)(fOrigColors + colorCount);
    if (colorCount > 2) {
        Rec* recs = fRecs;
        recs[0].fPos = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i < colorCount; i++) {
            recs[i].fPos = buffer.readInt();
            recs[i].fScale = buffer.readUInt();
        }
    }
    buffer.readMatrix(&fPtsToUnit);
    this->initCommon();
}

static bool SK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT flatten(const SkImage& image, Json::Value* target, 
                                          bool sendBinaries) {
    if (sendBinaries) {
        SkData* encoded = image.encode(SkImageEncoder::kPNG_Type, 100);
        if (encoded == nullptr) {
            // PNG encode doesn't necessarily support all color formats, convert to a different
            // format
            size_t rowBytes = 4 * image.width();
            void* buffer = sk_malloc_throw(rowBytes * image.height());
            SkImageInfo dstInfo = SkImageInfo::Make(image.width(), image.height(), 
                                                    kN32_SkColorType, kPremul_SkAlphaType);
            if (!image.readPixels(dstInfo, buffer, rowBytes, 0, 0)) {
                SkDebugf("readPixels failed\n");
                return false;
            }
            SkImage* converted = SkImage::NewRasterCopy(dstInfo, buffer, rowBytes);
            encoded = converted->encode(SkImageEncoder::kPNG_Type, 100);
            if (encoded == nullptr) {
                SkDebugf("image encode failed\n");
                return false;
            }
            free(converted);
            free(buffer);
        }
        Json::Value bytes;
        encode_data(encoded->data(), encoded->size(), &bytes);
        (*target)[SKJSONCANVAS_ATTRIBUTE_BYTES] = bytes;
        encoded->unref();
    }
    else {
        SkString description = SkStringPrintf("%dx%d pixel image", image.width(), image.height());
        (*target)[SKJSONCANVAS_ATTRIBUTE_DESCRIPTION] = Json::Value(description.c_str());
    }
    return true;
}

SkARGB32_Shader_Blitter::SkARGB32_Shader_Blitter(const SkBitmap& device,
                                                 const SkPaint& paint)
        : INHERITED(device, paint) {
    fBuffer = (SkPMColor*)sk_malloc_throw(device.width() * (sizeof(SkPMColor)));

    (fXfermode = paint.getXfermode())->safeRef();
}

const GrIndexBuffer* GrGpu::getQuadIndexBuffer() const {
    if (NULL == fQuadIndexBuffer) {
        static const int SIZE = sizeof(uint16_t) * 6 * MAX_QUADS;
        GrGpu* me = const_cast<GrGpu*>(this);
        fQuadIndexBuffer = me->createIndexBuffer(SIZE, false);
        if (NULL != fQuadIndexBuffer) {
            uint16_t* indices = (uint16_t*)fQuadIndexBuffer->lock();
            if (NULL != indices) {
                fill_indices(indices, MAX_QUADS);
                fQuadIndexBuffer->unlock();
            } else {
                indices = (uint16_t*)sk_malloc_throw(SIZE);
                fill_indices(indices, MAX_QUADS);
                if (!fQuadIndexBuffer->updateData(indices, SIZE)) {
                    fQuadIndexBuffer->unref();
                    fQuadIndexBuffer = NULL;
                    GrCrash("Can't get indices into buffer!");
                }
                sk_free(indices);
            }
        }
    }

    return fQuadIndexBuffer;
}

sk_sp<SkDataTable> SkDataTable::MakeCopyArrays(const void * const * ptrs,
                                               const size_t sizes[], int count) {
    if (count <= 0) {
        return SkDataTable::MakeEmpty();
    }

    size_t dataSize = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        dataSize += sizes[i];
    }

    size_t bufferSize = count * sizeof(Dir) + dataSize;
    void* buffer = sk_malloc_throw(bufferSize);

    Dir* dir = (Dir*)buffer;
    char* elem = (char*)(dir + count);
    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        dir[i].fPtr = elem;
        dir[i].fSize = sizes[i];
        memcpy(elem, ptrs[i], sizes[i]);
        elem += sizes[i];
    }

    return sk_sp<SkDataTable>(new SkDataTable(dir, count, malloc_freeproc, buffer));
}

SkData* SkWriter32::snapshotAsData() const {
    // get a non const version of this, we are only conceptually const
    SkWriter32& mutable_this = *const_cast<SkWriter32*>(this);
    // we use size change detection to invalidate the cached data
    if ((fSnapshot.get() != NULL) && (fSnapshot->size() != fUsed)) {
        mutable_this.fSnapshot.reset(NULL);
    }
    if (fSnapshot.get() == NULL) {
        uint8_t* buffer = NULL;
        if ((fExternal != NULL) && (fData == fExternal)) {
            // We need to copy to an allocated buffer before returning.
            buffer = (uint8_t*)sk_malloc_throw(fUsed);
            memcpy(buffer, fData, fUsed);
        } else {
            buffer = mutable_this.fInternal.detach();
            // prepare us to do copy on write, by pretending the data buffer
            // is external and size limited
            mutable_this.fData = buffer;
            mutable_this.fCapacity = fUsed;
            mutable_this.fExternal = buffer;
        }
        mutable_this.fSnapshot.reset(SkData::NewFromMalloc(buffer, fUsed));
    }
    return SkRef(fSnapshot.get()); // Take an extra ref for the caller.
}

static void setup_MC_state(SkMCState* state, const SkMatrix& matrix, const SkRegion& clip) {
    // initialize the struct
    state->clipRectCount = 0;

    // capture the matrix
    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
        state->matrix[i] = matrix.get(i);
    }

    /*
     * capture the clip
     *
     * storage is allocated on the stack for the first 4 rects. This value was
     * chosen somewhat arbitrarily, but does allow us to represent simple clips
     * and some more common complex clips (e.g. a clipRect with a sub-rect
     * clipped out of its interior) without needing to malloc any additional memory.
     */
    SkSWriter32<4*sizeof(ClipRect)> clipWriter;

    if (!clip.isEmpty()) {
        // only returns the b/w clip so aa clips fail
        SkRegion::Iterator clip_iterator(clip);
        for (; !clip_iterator.done(); clip_iterator.next()) {
            // this assumes the SkIRect is stored in l,t,r,b ordering which
            // matches the ordering of our ClipRect struct
            clipWriter.writeIRect(clip_iterator.rect());
            state->clipRectCount++;
        }
    }

    // allocate memory for the clip then and copy them to the struct
    state->clipRects = (ClipRect*) sk_malloc_throw(clipWriter.bytesWritten());
    clipWriter.flatten(state->clipRects);
}

static void apply_paint_patheffect(const SkPaint& paint, Json::Value* target, bool sendBinaries) {
    SkPathEffect* pathEffect = paint.getPathEffect();
    if (pathEffect != nullptr) {
        SkPathEffect::DashInfo dashInfo;
        SkPathEffect::DashType dashType = pathEffect->asADash(&dashInfo);
        if (dashType == SkPathEffect::kDash_DashType) {
            dashInfo.fIntervals = (SkScalar*) sk_malloc_throw(dashInfo.fCount * sizeof(SkScalar));
            pathEffect->asADash(&dashInfo);
            Json::Value dashing(Json::objectValue);
            Json::Value intervals(Json::arrayValue);
            for (int32_t i = 0; i < dashInfo.fCount; i++) {
                intervals.append(Json::Value(dashInfo.fIntervals[i]));
            }
            free(dashInfo.fIntervals);
            dashing[SKJSONCANVAS_ATTRIBUTE_INTERVALS] = intervals;
            dashing[SKJSONCANVAS_ATTRIBUTE_PHASE] = dashInfo.fPhase;
            (*target)[SKJSONCANVAS_ATTRIBUTE_DASHING] = dashing;
        }
        else {
            Json::Value jsonPathEffect;
            flatten(pathEffect, &jsonPathEffect, sendBinaries);
            (*target)[SKJSONCANVAS_ATTRIBUTE_PATHEFFECT] = jsonPathEffect;
        }
    }
}

static CGDataProviderRef SkStreamToDataProvider(SkStream* stream) {
    // TODO: use callbacks, so we don't have to load all the data into RAM
    size_t len = stream->getLength();
    void* data = sk_malloc_throw(len);
    stream->read(data, len);

    return CGDataProviderCreateWithData(data, data, len, malloc_release_proc);
}

void* SkOrderedReadBuffer::readEncodedString(size_t* length, SkPaint::TextEncoding encoding) {
    int32_t encodingType = fReader.readInt();
    SkASSERT(encodingType == encoding);
    *length =  fReader.readInt();
    void* data = sk_malloc_throw(*length);
    memcpy(data, fReader.skip(SkAlign4(*length)), *length);
    return data;
}

SkFlipPixelRef::SkFlipPixelRef(SkFlattenableReadBuffer& buffer)
        : INHERITED(buffer, NULL) {
    fSize = buffer.readU32();
    fStorage = sk_malloc_throw(fSize << 1);
    fPage0 = fStorage;
    fPage1 = (char*)fStorage + fSize;
    buffer.read(fPage0, fSize);
}

SkData* SkValidatingSerializeFlattenable(SkFlattenable* flattenable) {
    SkWriteBuffer writer(SkWriteBuffer::kValidation_Flag);
    writer.writeFlattenable(flattenable);
    size_t size = writer.bytesWritten();
    void* data = sk_malloc_throw(size);
    writer.writeToMemory(data);
    return SkData::NewFromMalloc(data, size);
}