void
RotateTest(PIX *pixs,
           l_float32 scale,
           L_REGPARAMS *rp) {
    l_int32 w, h, d, outformat;
    PIX *pixt1, *pixt2, *pixt3, *pixd;
    PIXA *pixa;

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    outformat = (d == 8 || d == 32) ? IFF_JFIF_JPEG : IFF_PNG;

    pixa = pixaCreate(0);
    pixt1 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE1, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 32);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE1, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixt1 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE1, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE1, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixt1 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixt1 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SHEAR, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixd = pixaDisplay(pixa, 0, 0);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pixd, outformat);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pixd, 100, 100, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);

    pixa = pixaCreate(0);
    pixt1 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SAMPLING, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 32);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SAMPLING, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixt1 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SAMPLING, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixs, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_SAMPLING, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);

    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) == 1)
        pixt1 = pixScaleToGray2(pixs);
    else
        pixt1 = pixClone(pixs);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixt1, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt3 = pixRotate(pixt1, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, w, h);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt3, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixDestroy(&pixt3);
    pixt2 = pixRotate(pixt1, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, scale, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt3 = pixRotate(pixt1, ANGLE2, L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP, L_BRING_IN_BLACK, 0, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt3, pixa, scale, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixDestroy(&pixt3);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixd = pixaDisplay(pixa, 0, 0);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pixd, outformat);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pixd, 100, 100, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);

    return;
}

l_int32 main(int    argc,
             char **argv)
{
l_int32     size, i, rval, gval, bval, yval, uval, vval;
l_float32  *a[3], b[3];
L_BMF      *bmf;
PIX        *pixd;
PIXA       *pixa;

        /* Explore the range of rgb --> yuv transforms.  All rgb
         * values transform to a valid value of yuv, so when transforming
         * back we get the same rgb values that we started with. */
    pixa = pixaCreate(0);
    bmf = bmfCreate("fonts", 6);
    for (gval = 0; gval <= 255; gval += 20)
        AddTransformsRGB(pixa, bmf, gval);

    pixd = pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled(pixa, 32, 755, 1, 0, 20, 2);
    pixDisplay(pixd, 100, 0);
    pixWrite("/tmp/yuv1.png", pixd, IFF_PNG);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);

        /* Now start with all "valid" yuv values, not all of which are
         * related to a valid rgb value.  Our yuv --> rgb transform
         * clips the rgb components to [0 ... 255], so when transforming
         * back we get different values whenever the initial yuv
         * value is out of the rgb gamut. */
    pixa = pixaCreate(0);
    for (yval = 16; yval <= 235; yval += 16)
        AddTransformsYUV(pixa, bmf, yval);

    pixd = pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled(pixa, 32, 755, 1, 0, 20, 2);
    pixDisplay(pixd, 600, 0);
    pixWrite("/tmp/yuv2.png", pixd, IFF_PNG);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    bmfDestroy(&bmf);


    /* --------- Try out a special case by hand, and show that --------- *
     * ------- the transform matrices we are using are inverses ---------*/

        /* First, use our functions for the transform */
    fprintf(stderr, "Start with: yval = 143, uval = 79, vval = 103\n");
    convertYUVToRGB(143, 79, 103, &rval, &gval, &bval);
    fprintf(stderr, " ==> rval = %d, gval = %d, bval = %d\n", rval, gval, bval);
    convertRGBToYUV(rval, gval, bval, &yval, &uval, &vval);
    fprintf(stderr, " ==> yval = %d, uval = %d, vval = %d\n", yval, uval, vval);

        /* Next, convert yuv --> rbg by solving for rgb --> yuv transform.
         *      [ a00   a01   a02 ]    r   =   b0           (y - 16)
         *      [ a10   a11   a12 ] *  g   =   b1           (u - 128)
         *      [ a20   a21   a22 ]    b   =   b2           (v - 128)
         */
    b[0] = 143.0 - 16.0;    /* y - 16 */
    b[1] = 79.0 - 128.0;   /* u - 128 */
    b[2] = 103.0 - 128.0;    /* v - 128 */
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        a[i] = (l_float32 *)lept_calloc(3, sizeof(l_float32));
    a[0][0] = 65.738 / 256.0;
    a[0][1] = 129.057 / 256.0;
    a[0][2] = 25.064 / 256.0;
    a[1][0] = -37.945 / 256.0;
    a[1][1] = -74.494 / 256.0;
    a[1][2] = 112.439 / 256.0;
    a[2][0] = 112.439 / 256.0;
    a[2][1] = -94.154 / 256.0;
    a[2][2] = -18.285 / 256.0;
    fprintf(stderr, "Here's the original matrix: yuv --> rgb:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        fprintf(stderr, "    %7.3f  %7.3f  %7.3f\n", 256.0 * a[i][0],
                256.0 * a[i][1], 256.0 * a[i][2]);
    gaussjordan(a, b, 3);
    fprintf(stderr, "\nInput (yuv) = (143,79,103); solve for rgb:\n"
            "rval = %7.3f, gval = %7.3f, bval = %7.3f\n",
            b[0], b[1], b[2]);
    fprintf(stderr, "Here's the inverse matrix: rgb --> yuv:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        fprintf(stderr, "    %7.3f  %7.3f  %7.3f\n", 256.0 * a[i][0],
                256.0 * a[i][1], 256.0 * a[i][2]);

        /* Now, convert back: rgb --> yuv;
         * Do this by solving for yuv --> rgb transform.
         * Use the b[] found previously (the rgb values), and
         * the a[][] which now holds the rgb --> yuv transform.  */
    gaussjordan(a, b, 3);
    fprintf(stderr, "\nInput rgb; solve for yuv:\n"
            "yval = %7.3f, uval = %7.3f, vval = %7.3f\n",
            b[0] + 16.0, b[1] + 128.0, b[2] + 128.0);
    fprintf(stderr, "Inverting the matrix again: yuv --> rgb:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        fprintf(stderr, "    %7.3f  %7.3f  %7.3f\n", 256.0 * a[i][0],
                256.0 * a[i][1], 256.0 * a[i][2]);

    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) lept_free(a[i]);
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Auto page segmentation. Divide the page image into blocks of uniform
 * text linespacing and images.
 *
 * Width, height and resolution are derived from the input image.
 *
 * If the pix is non-NULL, then it is assumed to be the input, and it is
 * copied to the image, otherwise the image is used directly.
 *
 * The output goes in the blocks list with corresponding TO_BLOCKs in the
 * to_blocks list.
 *
 * If single_column is true, then no attempt is made to divide the image
 * into columns, but multiple blocks are still made if the text is of
 * non-uniform linespacing.
 */
int Tesseract::AutoPageSeg(int width, int height, int resolution,
                           bool single_column, IMAGE* image,
                           BLOCK_LIST* blocks, TO_BLOCK_LIST* to_blocks) {
    int vertical_x = 0;
    int vertical_y = 1;
    TabVector_LIST v_lines;
    TabVector_LIST h_lines;
    ICOORD bleft(0, 0);
    Boxa* boxa = NULL;
    Pixa* pixa = NULL;
    // The blocks made by the ColumnFinder. Moved to blocks before return.
    BLOCK_LIST found_blocks;

#ifdef HAVE_LIBLEPT
    if (pix_binary_ != NULL) {
        if (textord_debug_images) {
            Pix* grey_pix = pixCreate(width, height, 8);
            // Printable images are light grey on white, but for screen display
            // they are black on dark grey so the other colors show up well.
            if (textord_debug_printable) {
                pixSetAll(grey_pix);
                pixSetMasked(grey_pix, pix_binary_, 192);
            } else {
                pixSetAllArbitrary(grey_pix, 64);
                pixSetMasked(grey_pix, pix_binary_, 0);
            }
            AlignedBlob::IncrementDebugPix();
            pixWrite(AlignedBlob::textord_debug_pix().string(), grey_pix, IFF_PNG);
            pixDestroy(&grey_pix);
        }
        if (tessedit_dump_pageseg_images)
            pixWrite("tessinput.png", pix_binary_, IFF_PNG);
        // Leptonica is used to find the lines and image regions in the input.
        LineFinder::FindVerticalLines(resolution, pix_binary_,
                                      &vertical_x, &vertical_y, &v_lines);
        LineFinder::FindHorizontalLines(resolution, pix_binary_, &h_lines);
        if (tessedit_dump_pageseg_images)
            pixWrite("tessnolines.png", pix_binary_, IFF_PNG);
        ImageFinder::FindImages(pix_binary_, &boxa, &pixa);
        if (tessedit_dump_pageseg_images)
            pixWrite("tessnoimages.png", pix_binary_, IFF_PNG);
        // Copy the Pix to the IMAGE.
        image->FromPix(pix_binary_);
        if (single_column)
            v_lines.clear();
    }
#endif
    TO_BLOCK_LIST land_blocks, port_blocks;
    TBOX page_box;
    // The rest of the algorithm uses the usual connected components.
    find_components(blocks, &land_blocks, &port_blocks, &page_box);

    TO_BLOCK_IT to_block_it(&port_blocks);
    ASSERT_HOST(!to_block_it.empty());
    for (to_block_it.mark_cycle_pt(); !to_block_it.cycled_list();
            to_block_it.forward()) {
        TO_BLOCK* to_block = to_block_it.data();
        TBOX blkbox = to_block->block->bounding_box();
        if (to_block->line_size >= 2) {
            // Note: if there are multiple blocks, then v_lines, boxa, and pixa
            // are empty on the next iteration, but in this case, we assume
            // that there aren't any interesting line separators or images, since
            // it means that we have a pre-defined unlv zone file.
            ColumnFinder finder(static_cast<int>(to_block->line_size),
                                blkbox.botleft(), blkbox.topright(),
                                &v_lines, &h_lines, vertical_x, vertical_y);
            if (finder.FindBlocks(height, resolution, single_column,
                                  to_block, boxa, pixa, &found_blocks, to_blocks) < 0)
                return -1;
            finder.ComputeDeskewVectors(&deskew_, &reskew_);
            boxa = NULL;
            pixa = NULL;
        }
    }
#ifdef HAVE_LIBLEPT
    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
#endif
    blocks->clear();
    BLOCK_IT block_it(blocks);
    // Move the found blocks to the input/output blocks.
    block_it.add_list_after(&found_blocks);

    if (textord_debug_images) {
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

int main(int    argc,
         char **argv)
{
l_int32      i, n, binsize, binstart, nbins;
l_float32    pi, val, angle, xval, yval, x0, y0, rank, startval, fbinsize;
l_float32    minval, maxval, meanval, median, variance, rankval;
GPLOT       *gplot;
NUMA        *na, *nahisto, *nax, *nay, *nap, *nasx, *nasy;
NUMA        *nadx, *nady, *nafx, *nafy, *na1, *na2, *na3, *na4;
PIX         *pixs, *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pix4, *pix5, *pix6, *pix7, *pixd;
PIXA        *pixa;
static char  mainName[] = "numa1_reg";

    if (argc != 1)
        return ERROR_INT(" Syntax:  numa1_reg", mainName, 1);

    lept_mkdir("lept/numa1");

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------*
     *                            Histograms                              *
     * -------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#if  DO_ALL
    pi = 3.1415926535;
    na = numaCreate(5000);
    for (i = 0; i < 500000; i++) {
        angle = 0.02293 * i * pi;
        val = (l_float32)(999. * sin(angle));
        numaAddNumber(na, val);
    }

    nahisto = numaMakeHistogramClipped(na, 6, 2000);
    nbins = numaGetCount(nahisto);
    nax = numaMakeSequence(0, 1, nbins);
    gplot = gplotCreate("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo1", GPLOT_PNG, "example histo 1",
                        "i", "histo[i]");
    gplotAddPlot(gplot, nax, nahisto, GPLOT_LINES, "sine");
    gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
    gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    numaDestroy(&nax);
    numaDestroy(&nahisto);

    nahisto = numaMakeHistogram(na, 1000, &binsize, &binstart);
    nbins = numaGetCount(nahisto);
    nax = numaMakeSequence(binstart, binsize, nbins);
    fprintf(stderr, " binsize = %d, binstart = %d\n", binsize, binstart);
    gplot = gplotCreate("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo2", GPLOT_PNG, "example histo 2",
                        "i", "histo[i]");
    gplotAddPlot(gplot, nax, nahisto, GPLOT_LINES, "sine");
    gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
    gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    numaDestroy(&nax);
    numaDestroy(&nahisto);

    nahisto = numaMakeHistogram(na, 1000, &binsize, NULL);
    nbins = numaGetCount(nahisto);
    nax = numaMakeSequence(0, binsize, nbins);
    fprintf(stderr, " binsize = %d, binstart = %d\n", binsize, 0);
    gplot = gplotCreate("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo3", GPLOT_PNG, "example histo 3",
                        "i", "histo[i]");
    gplotAddPlot(gplot, nax, nahisto, GPLOT_LINES, "sine");
    gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
    gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    numaDestroy(&nax);
    numaDestroy(&nahisto);

    nahisto = numaMakeHistogramAuto(na, 1000);
    nbins = numaGetCount(nahisto);
    numaGetParameters(nahisto, &startval, &fbinsize);
    nax = numaMakeSequence(startval, fbinsize, nbins);
    fprintf(stderr, " binsize = %7.4f, binstart = %8.3f\n",
            fbinsize, startval);
    gplot = gplotCreate("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo4", GPLOT_PNG, "example histo 4",
                        "i", "histo[i]");
    gplotAddPlot(gplot, nax, nahisto, GPLOT_LINES, "sine");
    gplotMakeOutput(gplot);
    gplotDestroy(&gplot);
    pixa = pixaCreate(4);
    pix1 = pixRead("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo1.png");
    pix2 = pixRead("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo2.png");
    pix3 = pixRead("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo3.png");
    pix4 = pixRead("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo4.png");
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix1, L_INSERT);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix2, L_INSERT);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix3, L_INSERT);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix4, L_INSERT);
    pixd = pixaDisplayTiledInRows(pixa, 32, 1500, 1.0, 0, 20, 2);
    pixDisplay(pixd, 600, 0);
    pixWrite("/tmp/lept/numa1/histo.png", pixd, IFF_PNG);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    numaDestroy(&nax);
    numaDestroy(&nahisto);

    numaGetStatsUsingHistogram(na, 2000, &minval, &maxval, &meanval,
                               &variance, &median, 0.80, &rankval, &nahisto);
    fprintf(stderr, "Sin histogram: \n"
                    "  min val  = %7.2f    -- should be -999.00\n"
                    "  max val  = %7.2f    -- should be  999.00\n"
                    "  mean val = %7.2f    -- should be    0.06\n"
                    "  median   = %7.2f    -- should be    0.30\n"
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
 *          The word masks and word images can be computed at either
 *          150 ppi or 300 ppi.  For the former, set reduction = 2.
 *      (2) The four size constraints on saved components are all
 *          scaled by @reduction.
 *      (3) The result are word images (and their b.b.), extracted in
 *          textline order, at either full res or 2x reduction,
 *          and with a numa giving the textline index for each word.
 *      (4) The pixa and boxa interfaces should make this type of
 *          application simple to put together.  The steps are:
 *           - optionally reduce by 2x
 *           - generate first estimate of word masks
 *           - get b.b. of these, and remove the small and big ones
 *           - extract pixa of the word images, using the b.b.
 *           - sort actual word images in textline order (2d)
 *           - flatten them to a pixa (1d), saving the textline index
 *             for each pix
 *      (5) In an actual application, it may be desirable to pre-filter
 *          the input image to remove large components, to extract
 *          single columns of text, and to deskew them.  For example,
 *          to remove both large components and small noisy components
 *          that can interfere with the statistics used to estimate
 *          parameters for segmenting by words, but still retain text lines,
 *          the following image preprocessing can be done:
 *                Pix *pixt = pixMorphSequence(pixs, "c40.1", 0);
 *                Pix *pixf = pixSelectBySize(pixt, 0, 60, 8,
 *                                     L_SELECT_HEIGHT, L_SELECT_IF_LT, NULL);
 *                pixAnd(pixf, pixf, pixs);  // the filtered image
 *          The closing turns text lines into long blobs, but does not
 *          significantly increase their height.  But if there are many
 *          small connected components in a dense texture, this is likely
 *          to generate tall components that will be eliminated in pixf.
 */
l_int32
pixGetWordsInTextlines(PIX     *pixs,
                       l_int32  reduction,
                       l_int32  minwidth,
                       l_int32  minheight,
                       l_int32  maxwidth,
                       l_int32  maxheight,
                       BOXA   **pboxad,
                       PIXA   **ppixad,
                       NUMA   **pnai)
{
l_int32  maxdil;
BOXA    *boxa1, *boxad;
BOXAA   *baa;
NUMA    *nai;
NUMAA   *naa;
PIXA    *pixa1, *pixad;
PIX     *pix1;
PIXAA   *paa;

    PROCNAME("pixGetWordsInTextlines");

    if (!pboxad || !ppixad || !pnai)
        return ERROR_INT("&boxad, &pixad, &nai not all defined", procName, 1);
    *pboxad = NULL;
    *ppixad = NULL;
    *pnai = NULL;
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (reduction != 1 && reduction != 2)
        return ERROR_INT("reduction not in {1,2}", procName, 1);

    if (reduction == 1) {
        pix1 = pixClone(pixs);
        maxdil = 18;
    } else {  /* reduction == 2 */
        pix1 = pixReduceRankBinaryCascade(pixs, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        maxdil = 9;
    }

        /* Get the bounding boxes of the words from the word mask. */
    pixWordBoxesByDilation(pix1, maxdil, minwidth, minheight,
                           maxwidth, maxheight, &boxa1, NULL);

        /* Generate a pixa of the word images */
    pixa1 = pixaCreateFromBoxa(pix1, boxa1, NULL);  /* mask over each word */

        /* Sort the bounding boxes of these words by line.  We use the
         * index mapping to allow identical sorting of the pixa. */
    baa = boxaSort2d(boxa1, &naa, -1, -1, 4);
    paa = pixaSort2dByIndex(pixa1, naa, L_CLONE);

        /* Flatten the word paa */
    pixad = pixaaFlattenToPixa(paa, &nai, L_CLONE);
    boxad = pixaGetBoxa(pixad, L_COPY);

    *pnai = nai;
    *pboxad = boxad;
    *ppixad = pixad;

    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
    boxaaDestroy(&baa);
    pixaaDestroy(&paa);
    numaaDestroy(&naa);
    return 0;
}

/*!
 *  pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              outdepth (output depth: 1, 8 or 32 bpp)
 *              tilewidth (each pix is scaled to this width)
 *              ncols (number of tiles in each row)
 *              background (0 for white, 1 for black; this is the color
 *                 of the spacing between the images)
 *              spacing  (between images, and on outside)
 *              border (width of additional black border on each image;
 *                      use 0 for no border)
 *      Return: pix of tiled images, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This can be used to tile a number of renderings of
 *          an image that are at different scales and depths.
 *      (2) Each image, after scaling and optionally adding the
 *          black border, has width 'tilewidth'.  Thus, the border does
 *          not affect the spacing between the image tiles.  The
 *          maximum allowed border width is tilewidth / 5.
 */
PIX *
pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled(PIXA    *pixa,
                          l_int32  outdepth,
                          l_int32  tilewidth,
                          l_int32  ncols,
                          l_int32  background,
                          l_int32  spacing,
                          l_int32  border)
{
l_int32    x, y, w, h, wd, hd, d;
l_int32    i, n, nrows, maxht, ninrow, irow, bordval;
l_int32   *rowht;
l_float32  scalefact;
PIX       *pix, *pixn, *pixt, *pixb, *pixd;
PIXA      *pixan;

    PROCNAME("pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (outdepth != 1 && outdepth != 8 && outdepth != 32)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("outdepth not in {1, 8, 32}", procName, NULL);
    if (border < 0 || border > tilewidth / 5)
        border = 0;
    
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);

        /* Normalize scale and depth for each pix; optionally add border */
    pixan = pixaCreate(n);
    bordval = (outdepth == 1) ? 1 : 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if ((pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL)
            continue;

        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
        scalefact = (l_float32)(tilewidth - 2 * border) / (l_float32)w;
        if (d == 1 && outdepth > 1 && scalefact < 1.0)
            pixt = pixScaleToGray(pix, scalefact);
        else
            pixt = pixScale(pix, scalefact, scalefact);

        if (outdepth == 1)
            pixn = pixConvertTo1(pixt, 128);
        else if (outdepth == 8)
            pixn = pixConvertTo8(pixt, FALSE);
        else  /* outdepth == 32 */
            pixn = pixConvertTo32(pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);

        if (border)
            pixb = pixAddBorder(pixn, border, bordval);
        else
            pixb = pixClone(pixn);

        pixaAddPix(pixan, pixb, L_INSERT);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        pixDestroy(&pixn);
    }
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixan)) == 0) { /* should not have changed! */
        pixaDestroy(&pixan);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);
    }

        /* Determine the size of each row and of pixd */
    wd = tilewidth * ncols + spacing * (ncols + 1);
    nrows = (n + ncols - 1) / ncols;
    if ((rowht = (l_int32 *)CALLOC(nrows, sizeof(l_int32))) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("rowht array not made", procName, NULL);
    maxht = 0;
    ninrow = 0;
    irow = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixan, i, L_CLONE);
        ninrow++;
        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
        maxht = L_MAX(h, maxht);
        if (ninrow == ncols) {
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixaaDisplayByPixa()
 *
 *      Input:  pixaa
 *              xspace between pix in pixa
 *              yspace between pixa
 *              max width of output pix
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Displays each pixa on a line (or set of lines),
 *          in order from top to bottom.  Within each pixa,
 *          the pix are displayed in order from left to right.
 *      (2) The size of each pix in each pixa is assumed to be
 *          approximately equal to the size of the first pix in
 *          the pixa.  If this assumption is not correct, this
 *          function will not work properly.
 *      (3) This ignores the boxa of the pixaa.
 */
PIX *
pixaaDisplayByPixa(PIXAA   *pixaa,
                   l_int32  xspace,
                   l_int32  yspace,
                   l_int32  maxw)
{
l_int32  i, j, npixa, npix;
l_int32  width, height, depth, nlines, lwidth;
l_int32  x, y, w, h, w0, h0;
PIX     *pixt, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixaaDisplayByPixa");

    if (!pixaa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixaa not defined", procName, NULL);
    
    if ((npixa = pixaaGetCount(pixaa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);

        /* Get size of output pix.  The width is the minimum of the
         * maxw and the largest pixa line width.  The height is whatever
         * it needs to be to accommodate all pixa. */
    height = 2 * yspace;
    width = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < npixa; i++) {
        pixa = pixaaGetPixa(pixaa, i, L_CLONE);
        npix = pixaGetCount(pixa);
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, 0, L_CLONE);
        if (i == 0)
            depth = pixGetDepth(pixt);
        w = pixGetWidth(pixt);
        lwidth = npix * (w + xspace);
        nlines = (lwidth + maxw - 1) / maxw;
        if (nlines > 1)
            width = maxw;
        else
            width = L_MAX(lwidth, width);
        height += nlines * (pixGetHeight(pixt) + yspace);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(width, height, depth)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Now layout the pix by pixa */
    y = yspace;
    for (i = 0; i < npixa; i++) {
        x = 0;
        pixa = pixaaGetPixa(pixaa, i, L_CLONE);
        npix = pixaGetCount(pixa);
        for (j = 0; j < npix; j++) {
            pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, j, L_CLONE);
            if (j == 0) {
                w0 = pixGetWidth(pixt);
                h0 = pixGetHeight(pixt);
            }
            w = pixGetWidth(pixt);
            if (width == maxw && x + w >= maxw) {
                x = 0;
                y += h0 + yspace;
            }
            h = pixGetHeight(pixt);
            pixRasterop(pixd, x, y, w, h, PIX_PAINT, pixt, 0, 0);
            pixDestroy(&pixt);
            x += w0 + xspace;
        }
        y += h0 + yspace;
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }

    return pixd;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    boxa1 = boxaRead("boxa2.ba");
    boxa2 = boxaReconcileEvenOddHeight(boxa1, L_ADJUST_TOP, 80,
                                       L_ADJUST_CHOOSE_MIN, 1.05, 1);
    width = 100;
    boxaGetExtent(boxa2, &w, &h, NULL);
    scalefact = (l_float32)width / (l_float32)w;
    boxa3 = boxaTransform(boxa2, 0, 0, scalefact, scalefact);
    pix1 = boxaDisplayTiled(boxa3, NULL, 1500, 2, 1.0, 0, 3, 2);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pix1, IFF_PNG);  /* 13 */
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pix1, 800, 0, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa2);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa3);

        /* Input is an unsmoothed and noisy boxa */
    boxa1 = boxaRead("boxa2.ba");
    boxa2 = boxaSmoothSequenceMedian(boxa1, 10, L_SUB_ON_LOC_DIFF, 80, 20, 1);
    boxa3 = boxaSmoothSequenceMedian(boxa1, 10, L_SUB_ON_SIZE_DIFF, 80, 20, 1);
    boxaPlotSides(boxa1, "initial", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &pix1);
    boxaPlotSides(boxa2, "side_smoothing", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &pix2);
    boxaPlotSides(boxa3, "size_smoothing", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &pix3);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pix1, IFF_PNG);  /* 14 */
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pix2, IFF_PNG);  /* 15 */
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pix3, IFF_PNG);  /* 16 */
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pix1, 1300, 0, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pix2, 1300, 500, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pix3, 1300, 1000, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    pixDestroy(&pix3);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa2);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa3);

        /* Input is a boxa smoothed with a median window filter */
    boxa1 = boxaRead("boxa3.ba");
    boxa2 = boxaReconcileEvenOddHeight(boxa1, L_ADJUST_TOP, 80,
                                       L_ADJUST_CHOOSE_MIN, 1.05, 1);
    width = 100;
    boxaGetExtent(boxa2, &w, &h, NULL);
    scalefact = (l_float32)width / (l_float32)w;
    boxa3 = boxaTransform(boxa2, 0, 0, scalefact, scalefact);
    pix1 = boxaDisplayTiled(boxa3, NULL, 1500, 2, 1.0, 0, 3, 2);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pix1, IFF_PNG);  /* 17 */
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pix1, 1000, 0, NULL, rp->display);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa2);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa3);

        /* Test serialized boxa I/O to and from memory */
    data1 = l_binaryRead("boxa2.ba", &size1);
    boxa1 = boxaReadMem(data1, size1);
    boxaWriteMem(&data2, &size2, boxa1);
    boxa2 = boxaReadMem(data2, size2);
    boxaWrite("/tmp/lept/boxa/boxa1.ba", boxa1);
    boxaWrite("/tmp/lept/boxa/boxa2.ba", boxa2);
    filesAreIdentical("/tmp/lept/boxa/boxa1.ba", "/tmp/lept/boxa/boxa2.ba",
                      &same); 
    regTestCompareValues(rp, 1, same, 0.0);  /* 18 */
    boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa2);
    lept_free(data1);
    lept_free(data2);

        /* ----------- Test pixaDisplayBoxaa() ------------ */
    pixa1 = pixaReadBoth("showboxes.pac");
    baa1 = boxaaRead("showboxes1.baa");
    baa2 = boxaaTranspose(baa1);
    baa3 = boxaaTranspose(baa2);
    nba = boxaaGetCount(baa1);
    success = TRUE;
    for (i = 0; i < nba; i++) {
        boxa1 = boxaaGetBoxa(baa1, i, L_CLONE);
        boxa2 = boxaaGetBoxa(baa3, i, L_CLONE);
        boxaEqual(boxa1, boxa2, 0, NULL, &same);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa2);
        if (!same) success = FALSE;
    }
        /* Check that the transpose is reversible */
    regTestCompareValues(rp, 1, success, 0.0);  /* 19 */
    pixa2 = pixaDisplayBoxaa(pixa1, baa2, L_DRAW_RGB, 2);
    pix1 = pixaDisplayTiledInRows(pixa2, 32, 1400, 1.0, 0, 10, 0);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pix1, IFF_PNG);  /* 20 */
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pix1, 0, 600, NULL, rp->display);
    fprintf(stderr, "Writing to: /tmp/lept/boxa/show.pdf\n");
    l_pdfSetDateAndVersion(FALSE);
    pixaConvertToPdf(pixa2, 75, 1.0, 0, 0, NULL, "/tmp/lept/boxa/show.pdf");
    regTestCheckFile(rp, "/tmp/lept/boxa/show.pdf");  /* 21 */
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa1);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa2);
    boxaaDestroy(&baa1);
    boxaaDestroy(&baa2);
    boxaaDestroy(&baa3);

    return regTestCleanup(rp);
}

l_int32 main(int    argc,
             char **argv)
{
char      *boxatxt;
l_int32    i;
BOXA      *boxa1, *boxa2, *boxa3;
BOXAA     *baa, *baa1;
NUMAA     *naa1;
PIX       *pixdb, *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pix4;
PIXA      *pixa1, *pixa2, *pixa3, *pixat;
L_RECOG   *recog;
L_RECOGA  *recoga;
SARRAY    *sa1;

    /* ----- Example identifying samples using training data ----- */
#if 1
        /* Read the training data */
    pixat = pixaRead("recog/sets/train06.pa");
    recog = recogCreateFromPixa(pixat, 0, 0, L_USE_ALL, 128, 1, "fonts");
    recoga = recogaCreateFromRecog(recog);
    pixaDestroy(&pixat);

        /* Read the data from all samples */
    pix1 = pixRead("recog/sets/samples06.png");
    boxatxt = pixGetText(pix1);
    boxa1 = boxaReadMem((l_uint8 *)boxatxt, strlen(boxatxt));
    pixa1 = pixaCreateFromBoxa(pix1, boxa1, NULL);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);  /* destroys boxa1 */

        /* Identify components in the sample data */
    pixa2 = pixaCreate(0);
    pixa3 = pixaCreate(0);
    for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
/*        if (i != 4) continue; */  /* dots form separate boxa */
/*        if (i != 8) continue; */  /* broken 2 in '24' */
        pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixa1, i, L_CLONE);

            /* Show the 2d box data in the sample */
        boxa2 = pixConnComp(pix1, NULL, 8);
        baa = boxaSort2d(boxa2, NULL, 6, 6, 5);
        pix2 = boxaaDisplay(baa, 3, 1, 0xff000000, 0x00ff0000, 0, 0);
        pixaAddPix(pixa3, pix2, L_INSERT);
        boxaaDestroy(&baa);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa2);

            /* Get the numbers in the sample */
        recogaIdentifyMultiple(recoga, pix1, 0, 5, 3, &boxa3, NULL, &pixdb, 0);
        sa1 = recogaExtractNumbers(recoga, boxa3, 0.7, -1, &baa1, &naa1);
        sarrayWriteStream(stderr, sa1);
        boxaaWriteStream(stderr, baa1);
        numaaWriteStream(stderr, naa1);
        pixaAddPix(pixa2, pixdb, L_INSERT);
/*        pixaWrite("/tmp/pixa.pa", pixa2); */
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa3);
        boxaaDestroy(&baa1);
        numaaDestroy(&naa1);
        sarrayDestroy(&sa1);
    }

    pix3 = pixaDisplayLinearly(pixa2, L_VERT, 1.0, 0, 20, 1, NULL);
    pixWrite("/tmp/pix3.png", pix3, IFF_PNG);
    pix4 = pixaDisplayTiledInRows(pixa3, 32, 1500, 1.0, 0, 20, 2);
    pixDisplay(pix4, 500, 0);
    pixWrite("/tmp/pix4.png", pix4, IFF_PNG);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa2);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa3);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix3);
    pixDestroy(&pix4);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa1);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa1);
    recogaDestroy(&recoga);
#endif

    return 0;
}

int main(int argc,
         char **argv) {
    char textstr[256];
    l_int32 i, thresh, fgval, bgval;
    l_float32 scorefract;
    L_BMF *bmf;
    PIX *pixs, *pixb, *pixb2, *pixb3, *pixg, *pixp, *pixt1, *pixt2;
    PIXA *pixa;

    pixs = pixRead("1555-7.jpg");
    pixg = pixConvertTo8(pixs, 0);
    bmf = bmfCreate("fonts", 8);
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        pixa = pixaCreate(3);
        scorefract = 0.1 * i;
        pixOtsuAdaptiveThreshold(pixg, 2000, 2000, 0, 0, scorefract,
                                 NULL, &pixb);
        pixSaveTiledOutline(pixb, pixa, 0.5, 1, 20, 2, 32);
        pixSplitDistributionFgBg(pixg, scorefract, 1, &thresh, &fgval, &bgval, 1);
        fprintf(stderr, "thresh = %d, fgval = %d, bgval = %d\n", thresh, fgval,
                bgval);

        /* Give gnuplot time to write out the plot */
#ifndef  _WIN32
        sleep(1);
#else
        Sleep(1000);
#endif  /* _WIN32 */

        pixp = pixRead("/tmp/histplot.png");
        pixSaveTiled(pixp, pixa, 1.0, 0, 20, 1);
        pixt1 = pixaDisplay(pixa, 0, 0);
        snprintf(textstr, sizeof(textstr),
                 "Scorefract = %3.1f ........... Thresh = %d", scorefract, thresh);
        pixt2 = pixAddSingleTextblock(pixt1, bmf, textstr, 0x00ff0000,
                                      L_ADD_BELOW, NULL);
        pixDisplay(pixt2, 100, 100);
        snprintf(textstr, sizeof(textstr), "/tmp/otsu.%d.png", i);
        pixWrite(textstr, pixt2, IFF_PNG);
        pixDestroy(&pixb);
        pixDestroy(&pixp);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }

    pixa = pixaCreate(2);
    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        scorefract = 0.1 * i;
        pixOtsuAdaptiveThreshold(pixg, 300, 300, 0, 0, scorefract,
                                 NULL, &pixb);
        pixb2 = pixAddBlackOrWhiteBorder(pixb, 2, 2, 2, 2, L_GET_BLACK_VAL);
        snprintf(textstr, sizeof(textstr),
                 "Scorefract = %3.1f", scorefract);
        pixb3 = pixAddSingleTextblock(pixb2, bmf, textstr, 1,
                                      L_ADD_BELOW, NULL);
        pixSaveTiled(pixb3, pixa, 2, (i + 1) % 1, 20, 32);
        pixDestroy(&pixb);
        pixDestroy(&pixb2);
    }
    pixb = pixaDisplay(pixa, 0, 0);
    pixWrite("/tmp/otsu-tiled.jpg", pixb, IFF_PNG);
    pixDestroy(&pixb);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);

    bmfDestroy(&bmf);
    pixDestroy(&pixs);
    pixDestroy(&pixg);
    return 0;
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);

    pixt1 = pixHShear(NULL, pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 1, 20, 32);
    pixt2 = pixHShear(NULL, pixs, h / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixt1 = pixHShear(NULL, pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixHShear(NULL, pixs, h / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);

    if (!pixGetColormap(pixs)) {
        pixt1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixHShearIP(pixt1, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 1, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixHShearIP(pixt2, h / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
        pixt1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixHShearIP(pixt1, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixHShearIP(pixt2, h / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 32);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    }

    if (d == 8 || d == 32 || pixGetColormap(pixs)) {
        pixt1 = pixHShearLI(pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 1, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixHShearLI(pixs, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
        pixt1 = pixHShearLI(pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixHShearLI(pixs, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    }

    pixt1 = pixVShear(NULL, pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 1, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixVShear(NULL, pixs, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    pixt1 = pixVShear(NULL, pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
    pixt2 = pixVShear(NULL, pixs, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
    pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    pixDestroy(&pixt2);

    if (!pixGetColormap(pixs)) {
        pixt1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixVShearIP(pixt1, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 1, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixVShearIP(pixt2, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
        pixt1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixVShearIP(pixt1, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
        pixVShearIP(pixt2, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 32);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    }

    if (d == 8 || d == 32 || pixGetColormap(pixs)) {
        pixt1 = pixVShearLI(pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 1, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixVShearLI(pixs, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
        pixt1 = pixVShearLI(pixs, 0, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt1, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixt2 = pixVShearLI(pixs, w / 2, ANGLE1, L_BRING_IN_BLACK);
        pixSaveTiled(pixt2, pixa, reduction, 0, 20, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        pixDestroy(&pixt2);
    }

    pixd = pixaDisplay(pixa, 0, 0);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    return pixd;
}

int main(int argc,
         char **argv) {
    const char *name;
    l_int32 i, n;
    BOX *box;
    PIX *pix0, *pix1, *pixd;
    PIXA *pixa;
    SARRAY *sa1, *sa2, *sa3, *sa4;
    L_REGPARAMS *rp;

    if (regTestSetup(argc, argv, &rp))
        return 1;

    /* ----------------  Find all the jpg and tif images --------------- */
    sa1 = getSortedPathnamesInDirectory(".", ".jpg", 0, 0);
    sa2 = getSortedPathnamesInDirectory(".", ".tif", 0, 0);
    sa3 = sarraySelectByRange(sa1, 0, 9);
    sa4 = sarraySelectByRange(sa2, 0, 9);
    sarrayConcatenate(sa3, sa4);
    n = sarrayGetCount(sa3);
    sarrayDestroy(&sa1);
    sarrayDestroy(&sa2);
    sarrayDestroy(&sa4);

    /* ---------------- Use replace to fill up a pixa -------------------*/
    pixa = pixaCreate(1);
    pixaExtendArrayToSize(pixa, n);
    if ((pix0 = pixRead("marge.jpg")) == NULL)
        rp->success = FALSE;
    pix1 = pixScaleToSize(pix0, 144, 108);  /* scale 0.25 */
    pixDestroy(&pix0);
    pixaInitFull(pixa, pix1, NULL);  /* fill it up */
    pixd = pixaDisplayTiledInRows(pixa, 32, 1000, 1.0, 0, 25, 2);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pixd, 100, 100, NULL, rp->display);
    pixWrite("/tmp/regout/pix1.jpg", pixd, IFF_JFIF_JPEG);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);

    /* ---------------- And again with jpgs and tifs -------------------*/
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        name = sarrayGetString(sa3, i, L_NOCOPY);
        if ((pix0 = pixRead(name)) == NULL)
            rp->success = FALSE;
        pix1 = pixScaleToSize(pix0, 144, 108);
        pixaReplacePix(pixa, i, pix1, NULL);
        pixDestroy(&pix0);
    }
    pixd = pixaDisplayTiledInRows(pixa, 32, 1000, 1.0, 0, 25, 2);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pixd, 400, 100, NULL, rp->display);
    pixWrite("/tmp/regout/pix2.jpg", pixd, IFF_JFIF_JPEG);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);

    /* ---------------- And again, reversing the order ------------------*/
    box = boxCreate(0, 0, 0, 0);
    pixaInitFull(pixa, NULL, box);
    boxDestroy(&box);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        name = sarrayGetString(sa3, i, L_NOCOPY);
        if ((pix0 = pixRead(name)) == NULL)
            rp->success = FALSE;
        pix1 = pixScaleToSize(pix0, 144, 108);
        pixaReplacePix(pixa, n - 1 - i, pix1, NULL);
        pixDestroy(&pix0);
    }
    pixd = pixaDisplayTiledInRows(pixa, 32, 1000, 1.0, 0, 25, 2);
    pixDisplayWithTitle(pixd, 700, 100, NULL, rp->display);
    pixWrite("/tmp/regout/pix3.jpg", pixd, IFF_JFIF_JPEG);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    sarrayDestroy(&sa3);

    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    return regTestCleanup(rp);
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    lept_mkdir("lept/binding");
    pixa = pixaCreate(0);

    pix1 = pixRead("binding-example.45.jpg");
    pix2 = pixConvertTo8(pix1, 0);

        /* Find the skew angle */
    pix3 = pixConvertTo1(pix2, 150);
    pixFindSkewSweepAndSearch(pix3, &angle, &conf, 2, 2, 7.0, 1.0, 0.01);
    fprintf(stderr, "angle = %f, conf = %f\n", angle, conf);

        /* Deskew, bringing in black pixels at the edges */
    if (L_ABS(angle) < 0.1 || conf < 1.5) {
        pix4 = pixClone(pix2);
    } else {
        radangle = 3.1416 * angle / 180.0;
        pix4 = pixRotate(pix2, radangle, L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP,
                         L_BRING_IN_BLACK, 0, 0);
    }

        /* Rotate 90 degrees to make binding horizontal */
    pix5 = pixRotateOrth(pix4, 1);

        /* Sort pixels in each row by their gray value.
         * Dark pixels on the left, light ones on the right. */
    pix6 = pixRankRowTransform(pix5);
    pixDisplay(pix5, 0, 0);
    pixDisplay(pix6, 550, 0);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix4, L_COPY);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix5, L_COPY);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix6, L_COPY);

        /* Make an a priori estimate of the y-interval within which the
         * binding will be found.  The search will be done in this interval. */
    pixGetDimensions(pix6, &w, &h, NULL);
    ystart = 0.25 * h;
    yend = 0.75 * h;

        /* Choose a very light rank value; close to white, which
         * corresponds to a column in pix6 near the right sid