/*!
 * \brief   pixLocToColorTransform()
 *
 * \param[in]     pixs 1 bpp
 * \return   pixd 32 bpp rgb, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This generates an RGB image where each component value
 *          is coded depending on the (x.y) location and the size
 *          of the fg connected component that the pixel in pixs belongs to.
 *          It is independent of the 4-fold orthogonal orientation, and
 *          only weakly depends on translations and small angle rotations.
 *          Background pixels are black.
 *      (2) Such encodings can be compared between two 1 bpp images
 *          by performing this transform and calculating the
 *          "earth-mover" distance on the resulting R,G,B histograms.
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixLocToColorTransform(PIX  *pixs)
{
l_int32    w, h, w2, h2, wpls, wplr, wplg, wplb, wplcc, i, j, rval, gval, bval;
l_float32  invw2, invh2;
l_uint32  *datas, *datar, *datag, *datab, *datacc;
l_uint32  *lines, *liner, *lineg, *lineb, *linecc;
PIX       *pix1, *pixcc, *pixr, *pixg, *pixb, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixLocToColorTransform");

    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);

        /* Label each pixel with the area of the c.c. to which it belongs.
         * Clip the result to 255 in an 8 bpp pix. This is used for
         * the blue component of pixd.  */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    w2 = w / 2;
    h2 = h / 2;
    invw2 = 255.0 / (l_float32)w2;
    invh2 = 255.0 / (l_float32)h2;
    pix1 = pixConnCompAreaTransform(pixs, 8);
    pixcc = pixConvert32To8(pix1, L_LS_TWO_BYTES, L_CLIP_TO_FF);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);

        /* Label the red and green components depending on the location
         * of the fg pixels, in a way that is 4-fold rotationally invariant. */
    pixr = pixCreate(w, h, 8);
    pixg = pixCreate(w, h, 8);
    pixb = pixCreate(w, h, 8);
    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    wplr = pixGetWpl(pixr);
    wplg = pixGetWpl(pixg);
    wplb = pixGetWpl(pixb);
    wplcc = pixGetWpl(pixcc);
    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
    datar = pixGetData(pixr);
    datag = pixGetData(pixg);
    datab = pixGetData(pixb);
    datacc = pixGetData(pixcc);
    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        lines = datas + i * wpls;
        liner = datar + i * wplr;
        lineg = datag + i * wplg;
        lineb = datab + i * wplb;
        linecc = datacc+ i * wplcc;
        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(lines, j) == 0) continue;
            if (w < h) {
                rval = invh2 * L_ABS((l_float32)(i - h2));
                gval = invw2 * L_ABS((l_float32)(j - w2));
            } else {
                rval = invw2 * L_ABS((l_float32)(j - w2));
                gval = invh2 * L_ABS((l_float32)(i - h2));
            }
            bval = GET_DATA_BYTE(linecc, j);
            SET_DATA_BYTE(liner, j, rval);
            SET_DATA_BYTE(lineg, j, gval);
            SET_DATA_BYTE(lineb, j, bval);
        }
    }
    pixd = pixCreateRGBImage(pixr, pixg, pixb);

    pixDestroy(&pixcc);
    pixDestroy(&pixr);
    pixDestroy(&pixg);
    pixDestroy(&pixb);
    return pixd;
}

/*!
 * \brief   pixSauvolaBinarize()
 *
 * \param[in]    pixs 8 bpp grayscale; not colormapped
 * \param[in]    whsize window half-width for measuring local statistics
 * \param[in]    factor factor for reducing threshold due to variance; >= 0
 * \param[in]    addborder 1 to add border of width (%whsize + 1) on all sides
 * \param[out]   ppixm [optional] local mean values
 * \param[out]   ppixsd [optional] local standard deviation values
 * \param[out]   ppixth [optional] threshold values
 * \param[out]   ppixd [optional] thresholded image
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The window width and height are 2 * %whsize + 1.  The minimum
 *          value for %whsize is 2; typically it is \>= 7..
 *      (2) The local statistics, measured over the window, are the
 *          average and standard deviation.
 *      (3) The measurements of the mean and standard deviation are
 *          performed inside a border of (%whsize + 1) pixels.  If pixs does
 *          not have these added border pixels, use %addborder = 1 to add
 *          it here; otherwise use %addborder = 0.
 *      (4) The Sauvola threshold is determined from the formula:
 *            t = m * (1 - k * (1 - s / 128))
 *          where:
 *            t = local threshold
 *            m = local mean
 *            k = %factor (\>= 0)   [ typ. 0.35 ]
 *            s = local standard deviation, which is maximized at
 *                127.5 when half the samples are 0 and half are 255.
 *      (5) The basic idea of Niblack and Sauvola binarization is that
 *          the local threshold should be less than the median value,
 *          and the larger the variance, the closer to the median
 *          it should be chosen.  Typical values for k are between
 *          0.2 and 0.5.
 * </pre>
 */
l_int32
pixSauvolaBinarize(PIX       *pixs,
                   l_int32    whsize,
                   l_float32  factor,
                   l_int32    addborder,
                   PIX      **ppixm,
                   PIX      **ppixsd,
                   PIX      **ppixth,
                   PIX      **ppixd)
{
l_int32  w, h;
PIX     *pixg, *pixsc, *pixm, *pixms, *pixth, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixSauvolaBinarize");

    if (ppixm) *ppixm = NULL;
    if (ppixsd) *ppixsd = NULL;
    if (ppixth) *ppixth = NULL;
    if (ppixd) *ppixd = NULL;
    if (!ppixm && !ppixsd && !ppixth && !ppixd)
        return ERROR_INT("no outputs", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs is cmapped", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (whsize < 2)
        return ERROR_INT("whsize must be >= 2", procName, 1);
    if (w < 2 * whsize + 3 || h < 2 * whsize + 3)
        return ERROR_INT("whsize too large for image", procName, 1);
    if (factor < 0.0)
        return ERROR_INT("factor must be >= 0", procName, 1);

    if (addborder) {
        pixg = pixAddMirroredBorder(pixs, whsize + 1, whsize + 1,
                                    whsize + 1, whsize + 1);
        pixsc = pixClone(pixs);
    } else {
        pixg = pixClone(pixs);
        pixsc = pixRemoveBorder(pixs, whsize + 1);
    }
    if (!pixg || !pixsc)
        return ERROR_INT("pixg and pixsc not made", procName, 1);

        /* All these functions strip off the border pixels. */
    if (ppixm || ppixth || ppixd)
        pixm = pixWindowedMean(pixg, whsize, whsize, 1, 1);
    if (ppixsd || ppixth || ppixd)
        pixms = pixWindowedMeanSquare(pixg, whsize, whsize, 1);
    if (ppixth || ppixd)
        pixth = pixSauvolaGetThreshold(pixm, pixms, factor, ppixsd);
    if (ppixd) {
        pixd = pixApplyLocalThreshold(pixsc, pixth, 1);
        pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
    }

    if (ppixm)
        *ppixm = pixm;
    else
        pixDestroy(&pixm);
    pixDestroy(&pixms);
    if (ppixth)
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 * \brief   pixThresholdByConnComp()
 *
 * \param[in]    pixs depth > 1, colormap OK
 * \param[in]    pixm [optional] 1 bpp mask giving region to ignore by setting
 *                    pixels to white; use NULL if no mask
 * \param[in]    start, end, incr binarization threshold levels to test
 * \param[in]    thresh48 threshold on normalized difference between the
 *                        numbers of 4 and 8 connected components
 * \param[in]    threshdiff threshold on normalized difference between the
 *                          number of 4 cc at successive iterations
 * \param[out]   pglobthresh [optional] best global threshold; 0
 *                           if no threshold is found
 * \param[out]   ppixd [optional] image thresholded to binary, or
 *                     null if no threshold is found
 * \param[in]    debugflag 1 for plotted results
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error or if no threshold is found
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This finds a global threshold based on connected components.
 *          Although slow, it is reasonable to use it in a situation where
 *          (a) the background in the image is relatively uniform, and
 *          (b) the result will be fed to an OCR program that accepts 1 bpp
 *              images and works best with easily segmented characters.
 *          The reason for (b) is that this selects a threshold with a
 *          minimum number of both broken characters and merged characters.
 *      (2) If the pix has color, it is converted to gray using the
 *          max component.
 *      (3) Input 0 to use default values for any of these inputs:
 *          %start, %end, %incr, %thresh48, %threshdiff.
 *      (4) This approach can be understood as follows.  When the
 *          binarization threshold is varied, the numbers of c.c. identify
 *          four regimes:
 *          (a) For low thresholds, text is broken into small pieces, and
 *              the number of c.c. is large, with the 4 c.c. significantly
 *              exceeding the 8 c.c.
 *          (b) As the threshold rises toward the optimum value, the text
 *              characters coalesce and there is very little difference
 *              between the numbers of 4 and 8 c.c, which both go
 *              through a minimum.
 *          (c) Above this, the image background gets noisy because some
 *              pixels are(thresholded to foreground, and the numbers
 *              of c.c. quickly increase, with the 4 c.c. significantly
 *              larger than the 8 c.c.
 *          (d) At even higher thresholds, the image background noise
 *              coalesces as it becomes mostly foreground, and the
 *              number of c.c. drops quickly.
 *      (5) If there is no global threshold that distinguishes foreground
 *          text from background (e.g., weak text over a background that
 *          has significant variation and/or bleedthrough), this returns 1,
 *          which the caller should check.
 * </pre>
 */
l_int32
pixThresholdByConnComp(PIX       *pixs,
                       PIX       *pixm,
                       l_int32    start,
                       l_int32    end,
                       l_int32    incr,
                       l_float32  thresh48,
                       l_float32  threshdiff,
                       l_int32   *pglobthresh,
                       PIX      **ppixd,
                       l_int32    debugflag)
{
l_int32    i, thresh, n, n4, n8, mincounts, found, globthresh;
l_float32  count4, count8, firstcount4, prevcount4, diff48, diff4;
GPLOT     *gplot;
NUMA      *na4, *na8;
PIX       *pix1, *pix2, *pix3;

    PROCNAME("pixThresholdByConnComp");

    if (pglobthresh) *pglobthresh = 0;
    if (ppixd) *ppixd = NULL;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) == 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs undefined or 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (pixm && pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixm must be 1 bpp", procName, 1);

        /* Assign default values if requested */
    if (start <= 0) start = 80;
    if (end <= 0) end = 200;
    if (incr <= 0) incr = 10;
    if (thresh48 <= 0.0) thresh48 = 0.01;
    if (threshdiff <= 0.0) threshdiff = 0.01;
    if (start > end)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid start,end", procName, 1);

        /* Make 8 bpp, using the max component if color. */
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        pix1 = pixRemoveColormap(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_BASED_ON_SRC);
    else
        pix1 = pixClone(pixs);
    if (pixGetDepth(pix1) == 32)
        pix2 = pixConvertRGBToGrayMinMax(pix1, L_CHOOSE_MAX);
    else
        pix2 = pixConvertTo8(pix1, 0);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixDisplayWriteFormat()
 *
 *      Input:  pix (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 bpp)
 *              reduction (-1 to reset/erase; 0 to disable;
 *                         otherwise this is a reduction factor)
 *              format (IFF_PNG or IFF_JFIF_JPEG)
 *      Return: 0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This writes files if reduction > 0.  These can be displayed using
 *            pixDisplayMultiple("/tmp/display/file*");
 *      (2) All previously written files can be erased by calling with
 *          reduction < 0; the value of pixs is ignored.
 *      (3) If reduction > 1 and depth == 1, this does a scale-to-gray
 *          reduction.
 *      (4) This function uses a static internal variable to number
 *          output files written by a single process.  Behavior
 *          with a shared library may be unpredictable.
 *      (5) Output file format is as follows:
 *            format == IFF_JFIF_JPEG:
 *                png if d < 8 or d == 16 or if the output pix
 *                has a colormap.   Otherwise, output is jpg.
 *            format == IFF_PNG:
 *                png (lossless) on all images.
 *      (6) For 16 bpp, the choice of full dynamic range with log scale
 *          is the best for displaying these images.  Alternative outputs are
 *             pix8 = pixMaxDynamicRange(pixt, L_LINEAR_SCALE);
 *             pix8 = pixConvert16To8(pixt, 0);  // low order byte
 *             pix8 = pixConvert16To8(pixt, 1);  // high order byte
 */
l_int32
pixDisplayWriteFormat(PIX     *pixs,
                      l_int32  reduction,
                      l_int32  format)
{
char            buf[L_BUF_SIZE];
char           *fname;
l_float32       scale;
PIX            *pixt, *pix8;
static l_int32  index = 0;  /* caution: not .so or thread safe */

    PROCNAME("pixDisplayWriteFormat");

    if (reduction == 0) return 0;

    if (reduction < 0) {
        index = 0;  /* reset; this will cause erasure at next call to write */
        return 0;
    }

    if (format != IFF_JFIF_JPEG && format != IFF_PNG)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid format", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);

    if (index == 0) {
        lept_rmdir("display");
        lept_mkdir("display");
    }
    index++;

    if (reduction == 1) {
        pixt = pixClone(pixs);
    } else {
        scale = 1. / (l_float32)reduction;
        if (pixGetDepth(pixs) == 1)
            pixt = pixScaleToGray(pixs, scale);
        else
            pixt = pixScale(pixs, scale, scale);
    }

    if (pixGetDepth(pixt) == 16) {
        pix8 = pixMaxDynamicRange(pixt, L_LOG_SCALE);
        snprintf(buf, L_BUF_SIZE, "file.%03d.png", index);
        fname = genPathname("/tmp/display", buf);
        pixWrite(fname, pix8, IFF_PNG);
        pixDestroy(&pix8);
    } else if (pixGetDepth(pixt) < 8 || pixGetColormap(pixt) ||
             format == IFF_PNG) {
        snprintf(buf, L_BUF_SIZE, "file.%03d.png", index);
        fname = genPathname("/tmp/display", buf);
        pixWrite(fname, pixt, IFF_PNG);
    } else {
        snprintf(buf, L_BUF_SIZE, "file.%03d.jpg", index);
        fname = genPathname("/tmp/display", buf);
        pixWrite(fname, pixt, format);
    }
    FREE(fname);
    pixDestroy(&pixt);

    return 0;
}

/*!
 * \brief   pixMaskedThreshOnBackgroundNorm()
 *
 * \param[in]    pixs 8 bpp grayscale; not colormapped
 * \param[in]    pixim [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
 * \param[in]    sx, sy tile size in pixels
 * \param[in]    thresh threshold for determining foreground
 * \param[in]    mincount min threshold on counts in a tile
 * \param[in]    smoothx half-width of block convolution kernel width
 * \param[in]    smoothy half-width of block convolution kernel height
 * \param[in]    scorefract fraction of the max Otsu score; typ. ~ 0.1
 * \param[out]   pthresh [optional] threshold value that was
 *                       used on the normalized image
 * \return  pixd 1 bpp thresholded image, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This begins with a standard background normalization.
 *          Additionally, there is a flexible background norm, that
 *          will adapt to a rapidly varying background, and this
 *          puts white pixels in the background near regions with
 *          significant foreground.  The white pixels are turned into
 *          a 1 bpp selection mask by binarization followed by dilation.
 *          Otsu thresholding is performed on the input image to get an
 *          estimate of the threshold in the non-mask regions.
 *          The background normalized image is thresholded with two
 *          different values, and the result is combined using
 *          the selection mask.
 *      (2) Note that the numbers 255 (for bgval target) and 190 (for
 *          thresholding on pixn) are tied together, and explicitly
 *          defined in this function.
 *      (3) See pixBackgroundNorm() for meaning and typical values
 *          of input parameters.  For a start, you can try:
 *            sx, sy = 10, 15
 *            thresh = 100
 *            mincount = 50
 *            smoothx, smoothy = 2
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixMaskedThreshOnBackgroundNorm(PIX       *pixs,
                                PIX       *pixim,
                                l_int32    sx,
                                l_int32    sy,
                                l_int32    thresh,
                                l_int32    mincount,
                                l_int32    smoothx,
                                l_int32    smoothy,
                                l_float32  scorefract,
                                l_int32   *pthresh)
{
l_int32   w, h, highthresh;
l_uint32  val;
PIX      *pixn, *pixm, *pixd, *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pix4;

    PROCNAME("pixMaskedThreshOnBackgroundNorm");

    if (pthresh) *pthresh = 0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs is colormapped", procName, NULL);
    if (sx < 4 || sy < 4)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sx and sy must be >= 4", procName, NULL);
    if (mincount > sx * sy) {
        L_WARNING("mincount too large for tile size\n", procName);
        mincount = (sx * sy) / 3;
    }

        /* Standard background normalization */
    pixn = pixBackgroundNorm(pixs, pixim, NULL, sx, sy, thresh,
                             mincount, 255, smoothx, smoothy);
    if (!pixn)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixn not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Special background normalization for adaptation to quickly
         * varying background.  Threshold on the very light parts,
         * which tend to be near significant edges, and dilate to
         * form a mask over regions that are typically text.  The
         * dilation size is chosen to cover the text completely,
         * except for very thick fonts. */
    pix1 = pixBackgroundNormFlex(pixs, 7, 7, 1, 1, 20);
    pix2 = pixThresholdToBinary(pix1, 240);
    pixInvert(pix2, pix2);
    pixm = pixMorphSequence(pix2, "d21.21", 0);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);

        /* Use Otsu to get a global threshold estimate for the image,
         * which is stored as a single pixel in pix3. */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    pixOtsuAdaptiveThreshold(pixs, w, h, 0, 0, scorefract, &pix3, NULL);
    if (pix3 && pthresh) {
        pixGetPixel(pix3, 0, 0, &val);
        *pthresh = val;
    }
    pixDestroy(&pix3);

        /* Threshold the background normalized images differentially,
         * using a high value correlated with the background normalization
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixWrite()
 *
 *      Input:  filename
 *              pix
 *              format  (defined in imageio.h)
 *      Return: 0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Open for write using binary mode (with the "b" flag)
 *          to avoid having Windows automatically translate the NL
 *          into CRLF, which corrupts image files.  On non-windows
 *          systems this flag should be ignored, per ISO C90.
 *          Thanks to Dave Bryan for pointing this out.
 *      (2) If the default image format IFF_DEFAULT is requested:
 *          use the input format if known; otherwise, use a lossless format.
 *      (3) There are two modes with respect to file naming.
 *          (a) The default code writes to @filename.
 *          (b) If WRITE_AS_NAMED is defined to 0, it's a bit fancier.
 *              Then, if @filename does not have a file extension, one is
 *              automatically appended, depending on the requested format.
 *          The original intent for providing option (b) was to insure
 *          that filenames on Windows have an extension that matches
 *          the image compression.  However, this is not the default.
 */
l_int32
pixWrite(const char  *filename,
         PIX         *pix,
         l_int32      format)
{
char  *fname;
FILE  *fp;

    PROCNAME("pixWrite");

    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);
    if (format == IFF_JP2)
        return ERROR_INT("jp2 not supported", procName, 1);

    fname = genPathname(filename, NULL);

#if  WRITE_AS_NAMED  /* Default */

    if ((fp = fopenWriteStream(fname, "wb+")) == NULL) {
        FREE(fname);
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);
    }

#else  /* Add an extension to the output name if none exists */

    {l_int32  extlen;
     char    *extension, *filebuf;
        splitPathAtExtension(fname, NULL, &extension);
        extlen = strlen(extension);
        FREE(extension);
        if (extlen == 0) {
            if (format == IFF_DEFAULT || format == IFF_UNKNOWN)
                format = pixChooseOutputFormat(pix);

            filebuf = (char *)CALLOC(strlen(fname) + 10, sizeof(char));
            if (!filebuf) {
                return ERROR_INT("filebuf not made", procName, 1);
                FREE(fname);
            }
            strncpy(filebuf, fname, strlen(fname));
            strcat(filebuf, ".");
            strcat(filebuf, ImageFileFormatExtensions[format]);
        } else {
            filebuf = (char *)fname;
        }

        fp = fopenWriteStream(filebuf, "wb+");
        if (filebuf != fname)
            FREE(filebuf);
        if (fp == NULL) {
            FREE(fname);
            return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);
        }
    }

#endif  /* WRITE_AS_NAMED */

    FREE(fname);
    if (pixWriteStream(fp, pix, format)) {
        fclose(fp);
        return ERROR_INT("pix not written to stream", procName, 1);
    }

        /* Close the stream except if GIF under windows, because
         * EGifCloseFile() closes the windows file stream! */
    if (format != IFF_GIF)
        fclose(fp);
#ifndef _WIN32
    else  /* gif file */
        fclose(fp);
#endif  /* ! _WIN32 */

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixWriteMem()
 *
 *      Input:  &data (<return> data of tiff compressed image)
 *              &size (<return> size of returned data)
 *              pix
 *              format  (defined in imageio.h)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) On windows, this will only write tiff and PostScript to memory.
 *          For other formats, it requires open_memstream(3).
 *      (2) PostScript output is uncompressed, in hex ascii.
 *          Most printers support level 2 compression (tiff_g4 for 1 bpp,
 *          jpeg for 8 and 32 bpp).
 */
l_int32
pixWriteMem(l_uint8  **pdata,
            size_t    *psize,
            PIX       *pix,
            l_int32    format)
{
l_int32  ret;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteMem");

    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!psize)
        return ERROR_INT("&size not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("&pix not defined", procName, 1 );

    if (format == IFF_DEFAULT)
        format = pixChooseOutputFormat(pix);

    switch(format)
    {
    case IFF_BMP:
        ret = pixWriteMemBmp(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_JFIF_JPEG:   /* default quality; baseline sequential */
        ret = pixWriteMemJpeg(pdata, psize, pix, 75, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_PNG:   /* no gamma value stored */
        ret = pixWriteMemPng(pdata, psize, pix, 0.0);
        break;

    case IFF_TIFF:           /* uncompressed */
    case IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS:  /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_RLE:       /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_G3:        /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_G4:        /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_LZW:       /* compressed, all depths */
    case IFF_TIFF_ZIP:       /* compressed, all depths */
        ret = pixWriteMemTiff(pdata, psize, pix, format);
        break;

    case IFF_PNM:
        ret = pixWriteMemPnm(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_PS:
        ret = pixWriteMemPS(pdata, psize, pix, NULL, 0, DEFAULT_SCALING);
        break;

    case IFF_GIF:
        ret = pixWriteMemGif(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_JP2:
        return ERROR_INT("jp2 not supported", procName, 1);
        break;

    case IFF_SPIX:
        ret = pixWriteMemSpix(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    default:
        return ERROR_INT("unknown format", procName, 1);
        break;
    }

    return ret;
}

/*!
 *  pixaDisplayTiledInRows()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              outdepth (output depth: 1, 8 or 32 bpp)
 *              maxwidth (of output image)
 *              scalefactor (applied to every pix; use 1.0 for no scaling)
 *              background (0 for white, 1 for black; this is the color
 *                 of the spacing between the images)
 *              spacing  (between images, and on outside)
 *              border (width of black border added to each image;
 *                      use 0 for no border)
 *      Return: pixd (of tiled images), or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This saves a pixa to a single image file of width not to
 *          exceed maxwidth, with background color either white or black,
 *          and with each row tiled such that the top of each pix is
 *          aligned and separated by 'spacing' from the next one.
 *          A black border can be added to each pix.
 *      (2) All pix are converted to outdepth; existing colormaps are removed.
 *      (3) This does a reasonably spacewise-efficient job of laying
 *          out the individual pix images into a tiled composite.
 */
PIX *
pixaDisplayTiledInRows(PIXA      *pixa,
                       l_int32    outdepth,
                       l_int32    maxwidth,
                       l_float32  scalefactor,
                       l_int32    background,
                       l_int32    spacing,
                       l_int32    border)
{
l_int32  h;  /* cumulative height over all the rows */
l_int32  w;  /* cumulative height in the current row */
l_int32  bordval, wtry, wt, ht;
l_int32  irow;  /* index of current pix in current row */
l_int32  wmaxrow;  /* width of the largest row */
l_int32  maxh;  /* max height in row */
l_int32  i, j, index, n, x, y, nrows, ninrow;
NUMA    *nainrow;  /* number of pix in the row */
NUMA    *namaxh;  /* height of max pix in the row */
PIX     *pix, *pixn, *pixt, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixan;

    PROCNAME("pixaDisplayTiledInRows");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (outdepth != 1 && outdepth != 8 && outdepth != 32)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("outdepth not in {1, 8, 32}", procName, NULL);
    if (border < 0)
        border = 0;
    if (scalefactor <= 0.0) scalefactor = 1.0;

    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);

        /* Normalize depths, scale, remove colormaps; optionally add border */
    pixan = pixaCreate(n);
    bordval = (outdepth == 1) ? 1 : 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if ((pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL)
            continue;

        if (outdepth == 1)
            pixn = pixConvertTo1(pix, 128);
        else if (outdepth == 8)
            pixn = pixConvertTo8(pix, FALSE);
        else  /* outdepth == 32 */
            pixn = pixConvertTo32(pix);
        pixDestroy(&pix);

        if (scalefactor != 1.0)
            pixt = pixScale(pixn, scalefactor, scalefactor);
        else
            pixt = pixClone(pixn);
        if (border)
            pixd = pixAddBorder(pixt, border, bordval);
        else
            pixd = pixClone(pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixn);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);

        pixaAddPix(pixan, pixd, L_INSERT);
    }
    if (pixaGetCount(pixan) != n) {
        n = pixaGetCount(pixan);
        L_WARNING_INT("only got %d components", procName, n);
        if (n == 0) {
            pixaDestroy(&pixan);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);
        }
    }

        /* Compute parameters for layout */
    nainrow = numaCreate(0);
    namaxh = numaCreate(0);
    wmaxrow = 0;
    w = h = spacing;
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              outdepth (output depth: 1, 8 or 32 bpp)
 *              tilewidth (each pix is scaled to this width)
 *              ncols (number of tiles in each row)
 *              background (0 for white, 1 for black; this is the color
 *                 of the spacing between the images)
 *              spacing  (between images, and on outside)
 *              border (width of additional black border on each image;
 *                      use 0 for no border)
 *      Return: pix of tiled images, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This can be used to tile a number of renderings of
 *          an image that are at different scales and depths.
 *      (2) Each image, after scaling and optionally adding the
 *          black border, has width 'tilewidth'.  Thus, the border does
 *          not affect the spacing between the image tiles.  The
 *          maximum allowed border width is tilewidth / 5.
 */
PIX *
pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled(PIXA    *pixa,
                          l_int32  outdepth,
                          l_int32  tilewidth,
                          l_int32  ncols,
                          l_int32  background,
                          l_int32  spacing,
                          l_int32  border)
{
l_int32    x, y, w, h, wd, hd, d;
l_int32    i, n, nrows, maxht, ninrow, irow, bordval;
l_int32   *rowht;
l_float32  scalefact;
PIX       *pix, *pixn, *pixt, *pixb, *pixd;
PIXA      *pixan;

    PROCNAME("pixaDisplayTiledAndScaled");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (outdepth != 1 && outdepth != 8 && outdepth != 32)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("outdepth not in {1, 8, 32}", procName, NULL);
    if (border < 0 || border > tilewidth / 5)
        border = 0;

    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);

        /* Normalize scale and depth for each pix; optionally add border */
    pixan = pixaCreate(n);
    bordval = (outdepth == 1) ? 1 : 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if ((pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL)
            continue;

        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
        scalefact = (l_float32)(tilewidth - 2 * border) / (l_float32)w;
        if (d == 1 && outdepth > 1 && scalefact < 1.0)
            pixt = pixScaleToGray(pix, scalefact);
        else
            pixt = pixScale(pix, scalefact, scalefact);

        if (outdepth == 1)
            pixn = pixConvertTo1(pixt, 128);
        else if (outdepth == 8)
            pixn = pixConvertTo8(pixt, FALSE);
        else  /* outdepth == 32 */
            pixn = pixConvertTo32(pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);

        if (border)
            pixb = pixAddBorder(pixn, border, bordval);
        else
            pixb = pixClone(pixn);

        pixaAddPix(pixan, pixb, L_INSERT);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        pixDestroy(&pixn);
    }
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixan)) == 0) { /* should not have changed! */
        pixaDestroy(&pixan);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);
    }

        /* Determine the size of each row and of pixd */
    wd = tilewidth * ncols + spacing * (ncols + 1);
    nrows = (n + ncols - 1) / ncols;
    if ((rowht = (l_int32 *)CALLOC(nrows, sizeof(l_int32))) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("rowht array not made", procName, NULL);
    maxht = 0;
    ninrow = 0;
    irow = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixan, i, L_CLONE);
        ninrow++;
        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
        maxht = L_MAX(h, maxht);
        if (ninrow == ncols) {
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixaDisplayOnLattice()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              xspace
 *              yspace
 *      Return: pix of composite images, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This places each pix on sequentially on a regular lattice
 *          in the rendered composite.  If a pix is too large to fit in the
 *          allocated lattice space, it is not rendered.
 *      (2) If any pix has a colormap, all pix are rendered in rgb.
 *      (3) This is useful when putting bitmaps of components,
 *          such as characters, into a single image.
 */
PIX *
pixaDisplayOnLattice(PIXA    *pixa,
                     l_int32  xspace,
                     l_int32  yspace)
{
l_int32  n, nw, nh, w, h, d, wt, ht;
l_int32  index, i, j, hascmap;
PIX     *pix, *pixt, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixat;

    PROCNAME("pixaDisplayOnLattice");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

        /* If any pix have colormaps, generate rgb */
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);
    pixaAnyColormaps(pixa, &hascmap);
    if (hascmap) {
        pixat = pixaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
            pix = pixConvertTo32(pixt);
            pixaAddPix(pixat, pix, L_INSERT);
            pixDestroy(&pixt);
        }
    }
    else
        pixat = pixaCopy(pixa, L_CLONE);

    nw = (l_int32)sqrt((l_float64)n);
    nh = (n + nw - 1) / nw;
    w = xspace * nw;
    h = yspace * nh;

        /* Use the first pix in pixa to determine the depth.  */
    pixaGetPixDimensions(pixat, 0, NULL, NULL, &d);

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(w, h, d)) == NULL) {
        pixaDestroy(&pixat);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    }

    index = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < nh; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < nw && index < n; j++, index++) {
            pixt = pixaGetPix(pixat, index, L_CLONE);
            pixGetDimensions(pixt, &wt, &ht, NULL);
            if (wt > xspace || ht > yspace) {
                fprintf(stderr, "pix(%d) omitted; size %dx%d\n", index, wt, ht);
                pixDestroy(&pixt);
                continue;
            }
            pixRasterop(pixd, j * xspace, i * yspace, wt, ht,
                        PIX_PAINT, pixt, 0, 0);
            pixDestroy(&pixt);
        }
    }

    pixaDestroy(&pixat);
    return pixd;
}

/*!
 *  pixaDisplayTiled()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              maxwidth (of output image)
 *              background (0 for white, 1 for black)
 *              spacing
 *      Return: pix of tiled images, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This saves a pixa to a single image file of width not to
 *          exceed maxwidth, with background color either white or black,
 *          and with each subimage spaced on a regular lattice.
 *      (2) The lattice size is determined from the largest width and height,
 *          separately, of all pix in the pixa.
 *      (3) All pix in the pixa must be of equal depth.
 *      (4) If any pix has a colormap, all pix are rendered in rgb.
 *      (5) Careful: because no components are omitted, this is
 *          dangerous if there are thousands of small components and
 *          one or more very large one, because the size of the
 *          resulting pix can be huge!
 */
PIX *
pixaDisplayTiled(PIXA    *pixa,
                 l_int32  maxwidth,
                 l_int32  background,
                 l_int32  spacing)
{
l_int32  w, h, wmax, hmax, wd, hd, d, hascmap;
l_int32  i, j, n, ni, ncols, nrows;
l_int32  ystart, xstart, wt, ht;
PIX     *pix, *pixt, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixat;

    PROCNAME("pixaDisplayTiled");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

        /* If any pix have colormaps, generate rgb */
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);
    pixaAnyColormaps(pixa, &hascmap);
    if (hascmap) {
        pixat = pixaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
            pix = pixConvertTo32(pixt);
            pixaAddPix(pixat, pix, L_INSERT);
            pixDestroy(&pixt);
        }
    }
    else
        pixat = pixaCopy(pixa, L_CLONE);

        /* Find the largest width and height of the subimages */
    wmax = hmax = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixat, i, L_CLONE);
        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
        if (i == 0)
            d = pixGetDepth(pix);
        else if (d != pixGetDepth(pix)) {
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            pixaDestroy(&pixat);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("depths not equal", procName, NULL);
        }
        if (w > wmax)
            wmax = w;
        if (h > hmax)
            hmax = h;
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }

        /* Get the number of rows and columns and the output image size */
    spacing = L_MAX(spacing, 0);
    ncols = (l_int32)((l_float32)(maxwidth - spacing) /
                      (l_float32)(wmax + spacing));
    nrows = (n + ncols - 1) / ncols;
    wd = wmax * ncols + spacing * (ncols + 1);
    hd = hmax * nrows + spacing * (nrows + 1);
    if ((pixd = pixCreate(wd, hd, d)) == NULL) {
        pixaDestroy(&pixat);
	return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    }

#if 0
    fprintf(stderr, " nrows = %d, ncols = %d, wmax = %d, hmax = %d\n",
            nrows, ncols, wmax, hmax);
    fprintf(stderr, " space = %d, wd = %d, hd = %d, n = %d\n",
            space, wd, hd, n);
#endif

        /* Reset the background color if necessary */
    if ((background == 1 && d == 1) || (background == 0 && d != 1))
        pixSetAll(pixd);

        /* Blit the images to the dest */
    for (i = 0, ni = 0; i < nrows; i++) {
        ystart = spacing + i * (hmax + spacing);
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/*!
 *  pixaDisplayOnColor()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              w, h (if set to 0, determines the size from the
 *                    b.b. of the components in pixa)
 *              color (background color to use)
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This uses the boxes to place each pix in the rendered composite.
 *      (2) Set w = h = 0 to use the b.b. of the components to determine
 *          the size of the returned pix.
 *      (3) If any pix in @pixa are colormapped, or if the pix have
 *          different depths, it returns a 32 bpp pix.  Otherwise,
 *          the depth of the returned pixa equals that of the pix in @pixa.
 *      (4) If the pixa is empty, return null.
 */
PIX *
pixaDisplayOnColor(PIXA     *pixa,
                   l_int32   w,
                   l_int32   h,
                   l_uint32  bgcolor)
{
l_int32  i, n, xb, yb, wb, hb, hascmap, maxdepth, same;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pixt1, *pixt2, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixat;

    PROCNAME("pixaDisplayOnColor");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);

        /* If w and h are not input, determine the minimum size
         * required to contain the origin and all c.c. */
    if (w == 0 || h == 0) {
        boxa = pixaGetBoxa(pixa, L_CLONE);
        boxaGetExtent(boxa, &w, &h, NULL);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    }

        /* If any pix have colormaps, or if they have different depths,
         * generate rgb */
    pixaAnyColormaps(pixa, &hascmap);
    pixaGetDepthInfo(pixa, &maxdepth, &same);
    if (hascmap || !same) {
        maxdepth = 32;
        pixat = pixaCreate(n);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            pixt1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
            pixt2 = pixConvertTo32(pixt1);
            pixaAddPix(pixat, pixt2, L_INSERT);
            pixDestroy(&pixt1);
        }
    }
    else
        pixat = pixaCopy(pixa, L_CLONE);

        /* Make the output pix and set the background color */
    if ((pixd = pixCreate(w, h, maxdepth)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    if ((maxdepth == 1 && bgcolor > 0) ||
        (maxdepth == 2 && bgcolor >= 0x3) ||
        (maxdepth == 4 && bgcolor >= 0xf) ||
        (maxdepth == 8 && bgcolor >= 0xff) ||
        (maxdepth == 16 && bgcolor >= 0xffff) ||
        (maxdepth == 32 && bgcolor >= 0xffffff00)) {
        pixSetAll(pixd);
    }
    else if (bgcolor > 0)
        pixSetAllArbitrary(pixd, bgcolor);

        /* Blit each pix into its place */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (pixaGetBoxGeometry(pixat, i, &xb, &yb, &wb, &hb)) {
            L_WARNING("no box found!", procName);
            continue;
        }
        pixt1 = pixaGetPix(pixat, i, L_CLONE);
        pixRasterop(pixd, xb, yb, wb, hb, PIX_SRC, pixt1, 0, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pixt1);
    }

    pixaDestroy(&pixat);
    return pixd;
}

/*!
 *  pixaaDisplayByPixa()
 *
 *      Input:  pixaa
 *              xspace between pix in pixa
 *              yspace between pixa
 *              max width of output pix
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Displays each pixa on a line (or set of lines),
 *          in order from top to bottom.  Within each pixa,
 *          the pix are displayed in order from left to right.
 *      (2) The size of each pix in each pixa is assumed to be
 *          approximately equal to the size of the first pix in
 *          the pixa.  If this assumption is not correct, this
 *          function will not work properly.
 *      (3) This ignores the boxa of the pixaa.
 */
PIX *
pixaaDisplayByPixa(PIXAA   *pixaa,
                   l_int32  xspace,
                   l_int32  yspace,
                   l_int32  maxw)
{
l_int32  i, j, npixa, npix;
l_int32  width, height, depth, nlines, lwidth;
l_int32  x, y, w, h, w0, h0;
PIX     *pixt, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixaaDisplayByPixa");

    if (!pixaa)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixaa not defined", procName, NULL);

    if ((npixa = pixaaGetCount(pixaa)) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no components", procName, NULL);

        /* Get size of output pix.  The width is the minimum of the
         * maxw and the largest pixa line width.  The height is whatever
         * it needs to be to accommodate all pixa. */
    height = 2 * yspace;
    width = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < npixa; i++) {
        pixa = pixaaGetPixa(pixaa, i, L_CLONE);
        npix = pixaGetCount(pixa);
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, 0, L_CLONE);
        if (i == 0)
            depth = pixGetDepth(pixt);
        w = pixGetWidth(pixt);
        lwidth = npix * (w + xspace);
        nlines = (lwidth + maxw - 1) / maxw;
        if (nlines > 1)
            width = maxw;
        else
            width = L_MAX(lwidth, width);
        height += nlines * (pixGetHeight(pixt) + yspace);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(width, height, depth)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Now layout the pix by pixa */
    y = yspace;
    for (i = 0; i < npixa; i++) {
        x = 0;
        pixa = pixaaGetPixa(pixaa, i, L_CLONE);
        npix = pixaGetCount(pixa);
        for (j = 0; j < npix; j++) {
            pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, j, L_CLONE);
            if (j == 0) {
                w0 = pixGetWidth(pixt);
                h0 = pixGetHeight(pixt);
            }
            w = pixGetWidth(pixt);
            if (width == maxw && x + w >= maxw) {
                x = 0;
                y += h0 + yspace;
            }
            h = pixGetHeight(pixt);