int cmd_verify_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int err = 0;
	unsigned int flags = 0;
	int i;

#ifdef USE_CPLUSPLUS_FOR_INIT
#pragma cplusplus on
#endif

	const struct option verify_pack_options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('v', "verbose", &flags, "verbose",
			VERIFY_PACK_VERBOSE),
		OPT_BIT('s', "stat-only", &flags, "show statistics only",
			VERIFY_PACK_STAT_ONLY),
		OPT_END()
	};

#ifdef USE_CPLUSPLUS_FOR_INIT
#pragma cplusplus reset
#endif

	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, verify_pack_options,
			     verify_pack_usage, 0);
	if (argc < 1)
		usage_with_options(verify_pack_usage, verify_pack_options);
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
		if (verify_one_pack(argv[i], flags))
			err = 1;
		discard_revindex();
	}

	return err;
}

int cmd_pack_refs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	unsigned int flags = PACK_REFS_PRUNE;
	struct option opts[] = {
		OPT_BIT(0, "all",   &flags, N_("pack everything"), PACK_REFS_ALL),
		OPT_BIT(0, "prune", &flags, N_("prune loose refs (default)"), PACK_REFS_PRUNE),
		OPT_END(),
	};
	if (parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, opts, pack_refs_usage, 0))
		usage_with_options(pack_refs_usage, opts);
	return pack_refs(flags);
}

int cmd_push(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int flags = 0;
	int tags = 0;
	int rc;
	const char *repo = NULL;	/* default repository */
	struct option options[] = {
		OPT__VERBOSITY(&verbosity),
		OPT_STRING( 0 , "repo", &repo, N_("repository"), N_("repository")),
		OPT_BIT( 0 , "all", &flags, N_("push all refs"), TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL),
		OPT_BIT( 0 , "mirror", &flags, N_("mirror all refs"),
			    (TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR|TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE)),
		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0, "delete", &deleterefs, N_("delete refs")),
		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "tags", &tags, N_("push tags (can't be used with --all or --mirror)")),
		OPT_BIT('n' , "dry-run", &flags, N_("dry run"), TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN),
		OPT_BIT( 0,  "porcelain", &flags, N_("machine-readable output"), TRANSPORT_PUSH_PORCELAIN),
		OPT_BIT('f', "force", &flags, N_("force updates"), TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE),
		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "recurse-submodules", &flags, N_("check"),
			N_("control recursive pushing of submodules"),
			PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, option_parse_recurse_submodules },
		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "thin", &thin, N_("use thin pack")),
		OPT_STRING( 0 , "receive-pack", &receivepack, "receive-pack", N_("receive pack program")),
		OPT_STRING( 0 , "exec", &receivepack, "receive-pack", N_("receive pack program")),
		OPT_BIT('u', "set-upstream", &flags, N_("set upstream for git pull/status"),
			TRANSPORT_PUSH_SET_UPSTREAM),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "progress", &progress, N_("force progress reporting")),
		OPT_BIT(0, "prune", &flags, N_("prune locally removed refs"),
			TRANSPORT_PUSH_PRUNE),
		OPT_BIT(0, "no-verify", &flags, N_("bypass pre-push hook"), TRANSPORT_PUSH_NO_HOOK),
		OPT_BIT(0, "follow-tags", &flags, N_("push missing but relevant tags"),
			TRANSPORT_PUSH_FOLLOW_TAGS),
		OPT_END()
	};

	packet_trace_identity("push");
	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, push_usage, 0);

	if (deleterefs && (tags || (flags & (TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL | TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR))))
		die(_("--delete is incompatible with --all, --mirror and --tags"));
	if (deleterefs && argc < 2)
		die(_("--delete doesn't make sense without any refs"));

	if (tags)
		add_refspec("refs/tags/*");

	if (argc > 0) {
		repo = argv[0];
		set_refspecs(argv + 1, argc - 1);
	}

	rc = do_push(repo, flags);
	if (rc == -1)
		usage_with_options(push_usage, options);
	else
		return rc;
}

int cmd_verify_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int i = 1, verbose = 0, had_error = 0;
	unsigned flags = 0;
	const struct option verify_commit_options[] = {
		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, N_("print commit contents")),
		OPT_BIT(0, "raw", &flags, N_("print raw gpg status output"), GPG_VERIFY_RAW),
		OPT_END()
	};

	git_config(git_verify_commit_config, NULL);

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, verify_commit_options,
			     verify_commit_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
	if (argc <= i)
		usage_with_options(verify_commit_usage, verify_commit_options);

	if (verbose)
		flags |= GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE;

	/* sometimes the program was terminated because this signal
	 * was received in the process of writing the gpg input: */
	signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
	while (i < argc)
		if (verify_commit(argv[i++], flags))
			had_error = 1;
	return had_error;
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
	const char *prefix = "prefix/";
	const char *usage[] = {
		"test-parse-options <options>",
		NULL
	};
	struct option options[] = {
		OPT_BOOLEAN('b', "boolean", &boolean, "get a boolean"),
		OPT_BIT('4', "or4", &boolean,
			"bitwise-or boolean with ...0100", 4),
		OPT_NEGBIT(0, "neg-or4", &boolean, "same as --no-or4", 4),
		OPT_GROUP(""),
		OPT_INTEGER('i', "integer", &integer, "get a integer"),
		OPT_INTEGER('j', NULL, &integer, "get a integer, too"),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "set23", &integer, "set integer to 23", 23),
		OPT_DATE('t', NULL, &timestamp, "get timestamp of <time>"),
		OPT_CALLBACK('L', "length", &integer, "str",
			"get length of <str>", length_callback),
		OPT_FILENAME('F', "file", &file, "set file to <FILE>"),
		OPT_GROUP("String options"),
		OPT_STRING('s', "string", &string, "string", "get a string"),
		OPT_STRING(0, "string2", &string, "str", "get another string"),
		OPT_STRING(0, "st", &string, "st", "get another string (pervert ordering)"),
		OPT_STRING('o', NULL, &string, "str", "get another string"),
		OPT_SET_PTR(0, "default-string", &string,
			"set string to default", (unsigned long)"default"),
		OPT_GROUP("Magic arguments"),
		OPT_ARGUMENT("quux", "means --quux"),
		OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&integer, "set integer to NUM",
			number_callback),
		{ OPTION_BOOLEAN, '+', NULL, &boolean, NULL, "same as -b",
		  PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NODASH },
		OPT_GROUP("Standard options"),
		OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
		OPT__DRY_RUN(&dry_run),
		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
		OPT_END(),
	};
	int i;

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, usage, 0);

	printf("boolean: %d\n", boolean);
	printf("integer: %u\n", integer);
	printf("timestamp: %lu\n", timestamp);
	printf("string: %s\n", string ? string : "(not set)");
	printf("abbrev: %d\n", abbrev);
	printf("verbose: %d\n", verbose);
	printf("quiet: %s\n", quiet ? "yes" : "no");
	printf("dry run: %s\n", dry_run ? "yes" : "no");
	printf("file: %s\n", file ? file : "(not set)");

	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
		printf("arg %02d: %s\n", i, argv[i]);

	return 0;
}

int cmd_push(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int flags = 0;
	int tags = 0;
	int rc;
	const char *repo = NULL;	/* default repository */

	struct option options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('v', "verbose", &flags, "be verbose", TRANSPORT_PUSH_VERBOSE),
		OPT_STRING( 0 , "repo", &repo, "repository", "repository"),
		OPT_BIT( 0 , "all", &flags, "push all refs", TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL),
		OPT_BIT( 0 , "mirror", &flags, "mirror all refs",
			    (TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR|TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE)),
		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "tags", &tags, "push tags"),
		OPT_BIT( 0 , "dry-run", &flags, "dry run", TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN),
		OPT_BIT('f', "force", &flags, "force updates", TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE),
		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "thin", &thin, "use thin pack"),
		OPT_STRING( 0 , "receive-pack", &receivepack, "receive-pack", "receive pack program"),
		OPT_STRING( 0 , "exec", &receivepack, "receive-pack", "receive pack program"),
		OPT_END()
	};

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, push_usage, 0);

	if (tags)
		add_refspec("refs/tags/*");

	if (argc > 0) {
		repo = argv[0];
		set_refspecs(argv + 1, argc - 1);
	}

	rc = do_push(repo, flags);
	if (rc == -1)
		usage_with_options(push_usage, options);
	else
		return rc;
}

int cmd_prune_packed(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int opts = isatty(2) ? VERBOSE : 0;
	const struct option prune_packed_options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('n', "dry-run", &opts, "dry run", DRY_RUN),
		OPT_NEGBIT('q', "quiet", &opts, "be quiet", VERBOSE),
		OPT_END()
	};

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, prune_packed_options,
			     prune_packed_usage, 0);

	prune_packed_objects(opts);
	return 0;
}

int cmd_verify_tag(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int i = 1, verbose = 0, had_error = 0;
	unsigned flags = 0;
	struct ref_format format = REF_FORMAT_INIT;
	const struct option verify_tag_options[] = {
		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, N_("print tag contents")),
		OPT_BIT(0, "raw", &flags, N_("print raw gpg status output"), GPG_VERIFY_RAW),
		OPT_STRING(0, "format", &format.format, N_("format"), N_("format to use for the output")),
		OPT_END()
	};

	git_config(git_verify_tag_config, NULL);

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, verify_tag_options,
			     verify_tag_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
	if (argc <= i)
		usage_with_options(verify_tag_usage, verify_tag_options);

	if (verbose)
		flags |= GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE;

	if (format.format) {
		if (verify_ref_format(&format))
			usage_with_options(verify_tag_usage,
					   verify_tag_options);
		flags |= GPG_VERIFY_OMIT_STATUS;
	}

	while (i < argc) {
		struct object_id oid;
		const char *name = argv[i++];

		if (get_oid(name, &oid)) {
			had_error = !!error("tag '%s' not found.", name);
			continue;
		}

		if (gpg_verify_tag(&oid, name, flags)) {
			had_error = 1;
			continue;
		}

		if (format.format)
			pretty_print_ref(name, oid.hash, &format);
	}
	return had_error;
}

int cmd_prune_packed(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int opts = isatty(2) ? PRUNE_PACKED_VERBOSE : 0;
	const struct option prune_packed_options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('n', "dry-run", &opts, N_("dry run"),
			PRUNE_PACKED_DRY_RUN),
		OPT_NEGBIT('q', "quiet", &opts, N_("be quiet"),
			   PRUNE_PACKED_VERBOSE),
		OPT_END()
	};

	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, prune_packed_options,
			     prune_packed_usage, 0);

	prune_packed_objects(opts);
	return 0;
}

static int remove_cmd(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	unsigned flag = 0;
	int from_stdin = 0;
	struct option options[] = {
		OPT_BIT(0, "ignore-missing", &flag,
			N_("attempt to remove non-existent note is not an error"),
			IGNORE_MISSING),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "stdin", &from_stdin,
			    N_("read object names from the standard input")),
		OPT_END()
	};
	struct notes_tree *t;
	int retval = 0;

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
			     git_notes_remove_usage, 0);

	t = init_notes_check("remove");

	if (!argc && !from_stdin) {
		retval = remove_one_note(t, "HEAD", flag);
	} else {
		while (*argv) {
			retval |= remove_one_note(t, *argv, flag);
			argv++;
		}
	}
	if (from_stdin) {
		struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
		while (strbuf_getwholeline(&sb, stdin, '\n') != EOF) {
			strbuf_rtrim(&sb);
			retval |= remove_one_note(t, sb.buf, flag);
		}
		strbuf_release(&sb);
	}
	if (!retval)
		commit_notes(t, "Notes removed by 'git notes remove'");
	free_notes(t);
	return retval;
}

int cmd_write_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *unused_prefix)
{
	int flags = 0, ret;
	const char *prefix = NULL;
	unsigned char sha1[20];
	const char *me = "git-write-tree";
	struct option write_tree_options[] = {
		OPT_BIT(0, "missing-ok", &flags, "allow missing objects",
			WRITE_TREE_MISSING_OK),
		{ OPTION_STRING, 0, "prefix", &prefix, "<prefix>/",
		  "write tree object for a subdirectory <prefix>" ,
		  PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP },
		{ OPTION_BIT, 0, "ignore-cache-tree", &flags, NULL,
		  "only useful for debugging",
		  PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN | PARSE_OPT_NOARG, NULL,
		  WRITE_TREE_IGNORE_CACHE_TREE },
		OPT_END()
	};

	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, unused_prefix, write_tree_options,
			     write_tree_usage, 0);

	ret = write_cache_as_tree(sha1, flags, prefix);
	switch (ret) {
	case 0:
		printf("%s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
		break;
	case WRITE_TREE_UNREADABLE_INDEX:
		die("%s: error reading the index", me);
		break;
	case WRITE_TREE_UNMERGED_INDEX:
		die("%s: error building trees", me);
		break;
	case WRITE_TREE_PREFIX_ERROR:
		die("%s: prefix %s not found", me, prefix);
		break;
	}
	return ret;
}

static int absorb_git_dirs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int i;
	struct pathspec pathspec;
	struct module_list list = MODULE_LIST_INIT;
	unsigned flags = ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES;

	struct option embed_gitdir_options[] = {
		OPT_STRING(0, "prefix", &prefix,
			   N_("path"),
			   N_("path into the working tree")),
		OPT_BIT(0, "--recursive", &flags, N_("recurse into submodules"),
			ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES),
		OPT_END()
	};

	const char *const git_submodule_helper_usage[] = {
		N_("git submodule--helper embed-git-dir [<path>...]"),
		NULL
	};

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, embed_gitdir_options,
			     git_submodule_helper_usage, 0);

	gitmodules_config();
	git_config(submodule_config, NULL);

	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
		return 1;

	for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++)
		absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(prefix,
				list.entries[i]->name, flags);

	return 0;
}

int cmd_ls_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	unsigned char sha1[20];
	struct tree *tree;
	int i, full_tree = 0;
	const struct option ls_tree_options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('d', NULL, &ls_options, N_("only show trees"),
			LS_TREE_ONLY),
		OPT_BIT('r', NULL, &ls_options, N_("recurse into subtrees"),
			LS_RECURSIVE),
		OPT_BIT('t', NULL, &ls_options, N_("show trees when recursing"),
			LS_SHOW_TREES),
		OPT_SET_INT('z', NULL, &line_termination,
			    N_("terminate entries with NUL byte"), 0),
		OPT_BIT('l', "long", &ls_options, N_("include object size"),
			LS_SHOW_SIZE),
		OPT_BIT(0, "name-only", &ls_options, N_("list only filenames"),
			LS_NAME_ONLY),
		OPT_BIT(0, "name-status", &ls_options, N_("list only filenames"),
			LS_NAME_ONLY),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "full-name", &chomp_prefix,
			    N_("use full path names"), 0),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "full-tree", &full_tree,
			 N_("list entire tree; not just current directory "
			    "(implies --full-name)")),
		OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
		OPT_END()
	};

	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
	ls_tree_prefix = prefix;
	if (prefix && *prefix)
		chomp_prefix = strlen(prefix);

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, ls_tree_options,
			     ls_tree_usage, 0);
	if (full_tree) {
		ls_tree_prefix = prefix = NULL;
		chomp_prefix = 0;
	}
	/* -d -r should imply -t, but -d by itself should not have to. */
	if ( (LS_TREE_ONLY|LS_RECURSIVE) ==
	    ((LS_TREE_ONLY|LS_RECURSIVE) & ls_options))
		ls_options |= LS_SHOW_TREES;

	if (argc < 1)
		usage_with_options(ls_tree_usage, ls_tree_options);
	if (get_sha1(argv[0], sha1))
		die("Not a valid object name %s", argv[0]);

	/*
	 * show_recursive() rolls its own matching code and is
	 * generally ignorant of 'struct pathspec'. The magic mask
	 * cannot be lifted until it is converted to use
	 * match_pathspec() or tree_entry_interesting()
	 */
	parse_pathspec(&pathspec, PATHSPEC_GLOB | PATHSPEC_ICASE |
				  PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE,
		       PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD,
		       prefix, argv + 1);
	for (i = 0; i < pathspec.nr; i++)
		pathspec.items[i].nowildcard_len = pathspec.items[i].len;
	pathspec.has_wildcard = 0;
	tree = parse_tree_indirect(sha1);
	if (!tree)
		die("not a tree object");
	return !!read_tree_recursive(tree, "", 0, 0, &pathspec, show_tree, NULL);
}

int cmd_ls_remote(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	const char *dest = NULL;
	unsigned flags = 0;
	int get_url = 0;
	int quiet = 0;
	int status = 0;
	int show_symref_target = 0;
	const char *uploadpack = NULL;
	const char **pattern = NULL;

	struct remote *remote;
	struct transport *transport;
	const struct ref *ref;

	struct option options[] = {
		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("do not print remote URL")),
		OPT_STRING(0, "upload-pack", &uploadpack, N_("exec"),
			   N_("path of git-upload-pack on the remote host")),
		{ OPTION_STRING, 0, "exec", &uploadpack, N_("exec"),
			   N_("path of git-upload-pack on the remote host"),
			   PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN },
		OPT_BIT('t', "tags", &flags, N_("limit to tags"), REF_TAGS),
		OPT_BIT('h', "heads", &flags, N_("limit to heads"), REF_HEADS),
		OPT_BIT(0, "refs", &flags, N_("do not show peeled tags"), REF_NORMAL),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "get-url", &get_url,
			 N_("take url.<base>.insteadOf into account")),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "exit-code", &status,
			    N_("exit with exit code 2 if no matching refs are found"), 2),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "symref", &show_symref_target,
			 N_("show underlying ref in addition to the object pointed by it")),
		OPT_END()
	};

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, ls_remote_usage,
			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
	dest = argv[0];

	if (argc > 1) {
		int i;
		pattern = xcalloc(argc, sizeof(const char *));
		for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
			pattern[i - 1] = xstrfmt("*/%s", argv[i]);
	}

	remote = remote_get(dest);
	if (!remote) {
		if (dest)
			die("bad repository '%s'", dest);
		die("No remote configured to list refs from.");
	}
	if (!remote->url_nr)
		die("remote %s has no configured URL", dest);

	if (get_url) {
		printf("%s\n", *remote->url);
		return 0;
	}

	transport = transport_get(remote, NULL);
	if (uploadpack != NULL)
		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_UPLOADPACK, uploadpack);

	ref = transport_get_remote_refs(transport);
	if (transport_disconnect(transport))
		return 1;

	if (!dest && !quiet)
		fprintf(stderr, "From %s\n", *remote->url);
	for ( ; ref; ref = ref->next) {
		if (!check_ref_type(ref, flags))
			continue;
		if (!tail_match(pattern, ref->name))
			continue;
		if (show_symref_target && ref->symref)
			printf("ref: %s\t%s\n", ref->symref, ref->name);
		printf("%s\t%s\n", oid_to_hex(&ref->old_oid), ref->name);
		status = 0; /* we found something */
	}
	return status;
}

int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int newfd, entries, has_errors = 0, line_termination = '\n';
	int read_from_stdin = 0;
	int prefix_length = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
	int preferred_index_format = 0;
	char set_executable_bit = 0;
	struct refresh_params refresh_args = {0, &has_errors};
	int lock_error = 0;
	int split_index = -1;
	struct lock_file *lock_file;
	struct parse_opt_ctx_t ctx;
	int parseopt_state = PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN;
	struct option options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('q', NULL, &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("continue refresh even when index needs update"),
			REFRESH_QUIET),
		OPT_BIT(0, "ignore-submodules", &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("refresh: ignore submodules"),
			REFRESH_IGNORE_SUBMODULES),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "add", &allow_add,
			N_("do not ignore new files"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "replace", &allow_replace,
			N_("let files replace directories and vice-versa"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "remove", &allow_remove,
			N_("notice files missing from worktree"), 1),
		OPT_BIT(0, "unmerged", &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("refresh even if index contains unmerged entries"),
			REFRESH_UNMERGED),
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "refresh", &refresh_args, NULL,
			N_("refresh stat information"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
			refresh_callback},
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "really-refresh", &refresh_args, NULL,
			N_("like --refresh, but ignore assume-unchanged setting"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
			really_refresh_callback},
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "cacheinfo", NULL,
			N_("<mode>,<object>,<path>"),
			N_("add the specified entry to the index"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | /* disallow --cacheinfo=<mode> form */
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP,
			(parse_opt_cb *) cacheinfo_callback},
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "chmod", &set_executable_bit, N_("(+/-)x"),
			N_("override the executable bit of the listed files"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP,
			chmod_callback},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "assume-unchanged", &mark_valid_only, NULL,
			N_("mark files as \"not changing\""),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, MARK_FLAG},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "no-assume-unchanged", &mark_valid_only, NULL,
			N_("clear assumed-unchanged bit"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, UNMARK_FLAG},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "skip-worktree", &mark_skip_worktree_only, NULL,
			N_("mark files as \"index-only\""),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, MARK_FLAG},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "no-skip-worktree", &mark_skip_worktree_only, NULL,
			N_("clear skip-worktree bit"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, UNMARK_FLAG},
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "info-only", &info_only,
			N_("add to index only; do not add content to object database"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "force-remove", &force_remove,
			N_("remove named paths even if present in worktree"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT('z', NULL, &line_termination,
			N_("with --stdin: input lines are terminated by null bytes"), '\0'),
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "stdin", &read_from_stdin, NULL,
			N_("read list of paths to be updated from standard input"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
			(parse_opt_cb *) stdin_callback},
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "index-info", &line_termination, NULL,
			N_("add entries from standard input to the index"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
			(parse_opt_cb *) stdin_cacheinfo_callback},
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "unresolve", &has_errors, NULL,
			N_("repopulate stages #2 and #3 for the listed paths"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
			(parse_opt_cb *) unresolve_callback},
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 'g', "again", &has_errors, NULL,
			N_("only update entries that differ from HEAD"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
			(parse_opt_cb *) reupdate_callback},
		OPT_BIT(0, "ignore-missing", &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("ignore files missing from worktree"),
			REFRESH_IGNORE_MISSING),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "verbose", &verbose,
			N_("report actions to standard output"), 1),
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "clear-resolve-undo", NULL, NULL,
			N_("(for porcelains) forget saved unresolved conflicts"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
			resolve_undo_clear_callback},
		OPT_INTEGER(0, "index-version", &preferred_index_format,
			N_("write index in this format")),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "split-index", &split_index,
			N_("enable or disable split index")),
		OPT_END()
	};

	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
		usage_with_options(update_index_usage, options);

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

int cmd_for_each_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int i;
	const char *format = "%(objectname) %(objecttype)\t%(refname)";
	struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;
	int maxcount = 0, quote_style = 0;
	struct ref_array array;
	struct ref_filter filter;

	struct option opts[] = {
		OPT_BIT('s', "shell", &quote_style,
			N_("quote placeholders suitably for shells"), QUOTE_SHELL),
		OPT_BIT('p', "perl",  &quote_style,
			N_("quote placeholders suitably for perl"), QUOTE_PERL),
		OPT_BIT(0 , "python", &quote_style,
			N_("quote placeholders suitably for python"), QUOTE_PYTHON),
		OPT_BIT(0 , "tcl",  &quote_style,
			N_("quote placeholders suitably for Tcl"), QUOTE_TCL),

		OPT_GROUP(""),
		OPT_INTEGER( 0 , "count", &maxcount, N_("show only <n> matched refs")),
		OPT_STRING(  0 , "format", &format, N_("format"), N_("format to use for the output")),
		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", sorting_tail, N_("key"),
			    N_("field name to sort on"), &parse_opt_ref_sorting),
		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "points-at", &filter.points_at,
			     N_("object"), N_("print only refs which points at the given object"),
			     parse_opt_object_name),
		OPT_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only refs that are merged")),
		OPT_NO_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only refs that are not merged")),
		OPT_CONTAINS(&filter.with_commit, N_("print only refs which contain the commit")),
		OPT_END(),
	};

	memset(&array, 0, sizeof(array));
	memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(filter));

	parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, opts, for_each_ref_usage, 0);
	if (maxcount < 0) {
		error("invalid --count argument: `%d'", maxcount);
		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);
	}
	if (HAS_MULTI_BITS(quote_style)) {
		error("more than one quoting style?");
		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);
	}
	if (verify_ref_format(format))
		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);

	if (!sorting)
		sorting = ref_default_sorting();

	/* for warn_ambiguous_refs */
	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);

	filter.name_patterns = argv;
	filter.match_as_path = 1;
	filter_refs(&array, &filter, FILTER_REFS_ALL | FILTER_REFS_INCLUDE_BROKEN);
	ref_array_sort(sorting, &array);

	if (!maxcount || array.nr < maxcount)
		maxcount = array.nr;
	for (i = 0; i < maxcount; i++)
		show_ref_array_item(array.items[i], format, quote_style);
	ref_array_clear(&array);
	return 0;
}

#define ACTION_GET_COLOR (1<<13)
#define ACTION_GET_COLORBOOL (1<<14)

#define TYPE_BOOL (1<<0)
#define TYPE_INT (1<<1)
#define TYPE_BOOL_OR_INT (1<<2)
#define TYPE_PATH (1<<3)

static struct option builtin_config_options[] = {
    OPT_GROUP("Config file location"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "global", &use_global_config, "use global config file"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "system", &use_system_config, "use system config file"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "local", &use_local_config, "use repository config file"),
    OPT_STRING('f', "file", &given_config_file, "file", "use given config file"),
    OPT_GROUP("Action"),
    OPT_BIT(0, "get", &actions, "get value: name [value-regex]", ACTION_GET),
    OPT_BIT(0, "get-all", &actions, "get all values: key [value-regex]", ACTION_GET_ALL),
    OPT_BIT(0, "get-regexp", &actions, "get values for regexp: name-regex [value-regex]", ACTION_GET_REGEXP),
    OPT_BIT(0, "replace-all", &actions, "replace all matching variables: name value [value_regex]", ACTION_REPLACE_ALL),
    OPT_BIT(0, "add", &actions, "adds a new variable: name value", ACTION_ADD),
    OPT_BIT(0, "unset", &actions, "removes a variable: name [value-regex]", ACTION_UNSET),
    OPT_BIT(0, "unset-all", &actions, "removes all matches: name [value-regex]", ACTION_UNSET_ALL),
    OPT_BIT(0, "rename-section", &actions, "rename section: old-name new-name", ACTION_RENAME_SECTION),
    OPT_BIT(0, "remove-section", &actions, "remove a section: name", ACTION_REMOVE_SECTION),
    OPT_BIT('l', "list", &actions, "list all", ACTION_LIST),
    OPT_BIT('e', "edit", &actions, "opens an editor", ACTION_EDIT),
    OPT_STRING(0, "get-color", &get_color_slot, "slot", "find the color configured: [default]"),
    OPT_STRING(0, "get-colorbool", &get_colorbool_slot, "slot", "find the color setting: [stdout-is-tty]"),
    OPT_GROUP("Type"),
    OPT_BIT(0, "bool", &types, "value is \"true\" or \"false\"", TYPE_BOOL),
    OPT_BIT(0, "int", &types, "value is decimal number", TYPE_INT),

int cmd_ls_remote(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	const char *dest = NULL;
	unsigned flags = 0;
	int get_url = 0;
	int quiet = 0;
	int status = 0;
	int show_symref_target = 0;
	const char *uploadpack = NULL;
	const char **pattern = NULL;
	struct argv_array ref_prefixes = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
	int i;

	struct remote *remote;
	struct transport *transport;
	const struct ref *ref;
	struct ref_array ref_array;
	static struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;

	struct option options[] = {
		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("do not print remote URL")),
		OPT_STRING(0, "upload-pack", &uploadpack, N_("exec"),
			   N_("path of git-upload-pack on the remote host")),
		{ OPTION_STRING, 0, "exec", &uploadpack, N_("exec"),
			   N_("path of git-upload-pack on the remote host"),
			   PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN },
		OPT_BIT('t', "tags", &flags, N_("limit to tags"), REF_TAGS),
		OPT_BIT('h', "heads", &flags, N_("limit to heads"), REF_HEADS),
		OPT_BIT(0, "refs", &flags, N_("do not show peeled tags"), REF_NORMAL),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "get-url", &get_url,
			 N_("take url.<base>.insteadOf into account")),
		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", sorting_tail, N_("key"),
			     N_("field name to sort on"), &parse_opt_ref_sorting),
		OPT_SET_INT_F(0, "exit-code", &status,
			      N_("exit with exit code 2 if no matching refs are found"),
			      2, PARSE_OPT_NOCOMPLETE),
		OPT_BOOL(0, "symref", &show_symref_target,
			 N_("show underlying ref in addition to the object pointed by it")),
		OPT_END()
	};

	memset(&ref_array, 0, sizeof(ref_array));

	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, ls_remote_usage,
			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
	dest = argv[0];

	if (argc > 1) {
		int i;
		pattern = xcalloc(argc, sizeof(const char *));
		for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
			const char *glob;
			pattern[i - 1] = xstrfmt("*/%s", argv[i]);

			glob = strchr(argv[i], '*');
			if (glob)
				argv_array_pushf(&ref_prefixes, "%.*s",
						 (int)(glob - argv[i]), argv[i]);
			else
				expand_ref_prefix(&ref_prefixes, argv[i]);
		}
	}

	remote = remote_get(dest);
	if (!remote) {
		if (dest)
			die("bad repository '%s'", dest);
		die("No remote configured to list refs from.");
	}
	if (!remote->url_nr)
		die("remote %s has no configured URL", dest);

	if (get_url) {
		printf("%s\n", *remote->url);
		UNLEAK(sorting);
		return 0;
	}

	transport = transport_get(remote, NULL);
	if (uploadpack != NULL)
		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_UPLOADPACK, uploadpack);

	ref = transport_get_remote_refs(transport, &ref_prefixes);
	if (transport_disconnect(transport)) {
		UNLEAK(sorting);
		return 1;
	}

	if (!dest && !quiet)
		fprintf(stderr, "From %s\n", *remote->url);
	for ( ; ref; ref = ref->next) {
		struct ref_array_item *item;
		if (!check_ref_type(ref, flags))
			continue;
		if (!tail_match(pattern, ref->name))
			continue;
		item = ref_array_push(&ref_array, ref->name, &ref->old_oid);
		item->symref = xstrdup_or_null(ref->symref);
	}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
	int newfd, entries, has_errors = 0, nul_term_line = 0;
	enum uc_mode untracked_cache = UC_UNSPECIFIED;
	int read_from_stdin = 0;
	int prefix_length = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
	int preferred_index_format = 0;
	char set_executable_bit = 0;
	struct refresh_params refresh_args = {0, &has_errors};
	int lock_error = 0;
	int split_index = -1;
	int force_write = 0;
	int fsmonitor = -1;
	struct lock_file lock_file = LOCK_INIT;
	struct parse_opt_ctx_t ctx;
	strbuf_getline_fn getline_fn;
	int parseopt_state = PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN;
	struct option options[] = {
		OPT_BIT('q', NULL, &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("continue refresh even when index needs update"),
			REFRESH_QUIET),
		OPT_BIT(0, "ignore-submodules", &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("refresh: ignore submodules"),
			REFRESH_IGNORE_SUBMODULES),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "add", &allow_add,
			N_("do not ignore new files"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "replace", &allow_replace,
			N_("let files replace directories and vice-versa"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "remove", &allow_remove,
			N_("notice files missing from worktree"), 1),
		OPT_BIT(0, "unmerged", &refresh_args.flags,
			N_("refresh even if index contains unmerged entries"),
			REFRESH_UNMERGED),
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "refresh", &refresh_args, NULL,
			N_("refresh stat information"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
			refresh_callback},
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "really-refresh", &refresh_args, NULL,
			N_("like --refresh, but ignore assume-unchanged setting"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
			really_refresh_callback},
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "cacheinfo", NULL,
			N_("<mode>,<object>,<path>"),
			N_("add the specified entry to the index"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | /* disallow --cacheinfo=<mode> form */
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP,
			(parse_opt_cb *) cacheinfo_callback},
		{OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "chmod", &set_executable_bit, "(+|-)x",
			N_("override the executable bit of the listed files"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
			chmod_callback},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "assume-unchanged", &mark_valid_only, NULL,
			N_("mark files as \"not changing\""),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, MARK_FLAG},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "no-assume-unchanged", &mark_valid_only, NULL,
			N_("clear assumed-unchanged bit"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, UNMARK_FLAG},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "skip-worktree", &mark_skip_worktree_only, NULL,
			N_("mark files as \"index-only\""),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, MARK_FLAG},
		{OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "no-skip-worktree", &mark_skip_worktree_only, NULL,
			N_("clear skip-worktree bit"),
			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, UNMARK_FLAG},
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "info-only", &info_only,
			N_("add to index only; do not add content to object database"), 1),
		OPT_SET_INT(0, "force-remove", &force_remove,
			N_("remove named paths even if present in worktree"), 1),
		OPT_BOOL('z', NULL, &nul_term_line,
			 N_("with --stdin: input lines are terminated by null bytes")),
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "stdin", &read_from_stdin, NULL,
			N_("read list of paths to be updated from standard input"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
			(parse_opt_cb *) stdin_callback},
		{OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 0, "index-info", &nul_term_line, NULL,
			N_("add entries from standard input to the index"),
			PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
			(parse_opt_cb *) stdin_cachei