static uint16_t prvGetPrivatePortNumber( void )
{
static uint16_t usNextPortToUse = socketAUTO_PORT_ALLOCATION_START_NUMBER - 1;
uint16_t usReturn;

	/* Assign the next port in the range. */
	taskENTER_CRITICAL();
	{
		usNextPortToUse++;

		/* Has it overflowed? */
		if( usNextPortToUse == 0U )
		{
			/* Don't go right back to the start of the dynamic/private port
			range numbers as any persistent sockets are likely to have been
			create first so the early port numbers may still be in use. */
			usNextPortToUse = socketAUTO_PORT_ALLOCATION_RESET_NUMBER;
		}

		usReturn = FreeRTOS_htons( usNextPortToUse );
	}
	taskEXIT_CRITICAL();

	return usReturn;
} /* Tested */

static Socket_t prvOpenTCPServerSocket( uint16_t usPort )
{
struct freertos_sockaddr xBindAddress;
Socket_t xSocket;
static const TickType_t xReceiveTimeOut = portMAX_DELAY;
const BaseType_t xBacklog = 20;
BaseType_t xReuseSocket = pdTRUE;

	/* Attempt to open the socket. */
	xSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_STREAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_TCP );
	configASSERT( xSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

	/* Set a time out so accept() will just wait for a connection. */
	FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &xReceiveTimeOut, sizeof( xReceiveTimeOut ) );

	/* Only one connection will be used at a time, so re-use the listening
	socket as the connected socket.  See SimpleTCPEchoServer.c for an example
	that accepts multiple connections. */
	FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_REUSE_LISTEN_SOCKET, &xReuseSocket, sizeof( xReuseSocket ) );

	/* NOTE:  The CLI is a low bandwidth interface (typing characters is slow),
	so the TCP window properties are left at their default.  See
	SimpleTCPEchoServer.c for an example of a higher throughput TCP server that
	uses are larger RX and TX buffer. */

	/* Bind the socket to the port that the client task will send to, then
	listen for incoming connections. */
	xBindAddress.sin_port = usPort;
	xBindAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( xBindAddress.sin_port );
	FreeRTOS_bind( xSocket, &xBindAddress, sizeof( xBindAddress ) );
	FreeRTOS_listen( xSocket, xBacklog );

	return xSocket;
}

ssize_t nabto_read( nabto_socket_t socket,
                    uint8_t*       buf,
                    size_t         len,
                    uint32_t*      addr,
                    uint16_t*      port )
{
    int res;
    struct freertos_sockaddr xAddress;
    socklen_t xAddresslen = sizeof(xAddress);

    memset( &xAddress, 0, sizeof( xAddress ) );
    res = FreeRTOS_recvfrom( socket, buf, ( int ) len , 0, &xAddress, &xAddresslen );

    if( res > 0 )
    {
        *addr = FreeRTOS_htonl( xAddress.sin_addr );
        *port = FreeRTOS_htons( xAddress.sin_port );
    }
    else
    {
        res = 0;
    }

    return res;
} 

enum pubnub_res pbpal_resolv_and_connect(pubnub_t *pb)
{
    struct freertos_sockaddr addr;

    PUBNUB_ASSERT(pb_valid_ctx_ptr(pb));
    PUBNUB_ASSERT_OPT((pb->state == PBS_IDLE) || (pb->state == PBS_WAIT_DNS));
    
    addr.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons(HTTP_PORT);
    addr.sin_addr = FreeRTOS_gethostbyname(PUBNUB_ORIGIN_SETTABLE ? pb->origin : PUBNUB_ORIGIN);
    if (addr.sin_addr == 0) {
        return PNR_CONNECT_FAILED;
    }

    pb->pal.socket = FreeRTOS_socket(FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_STREAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_TCP);
    if (pb->pal.socket == SOCKET_INVALID) {
        return PNR_CONNECT_FAILED;
    }
    if (FreeRTOS_connect(pb->pal.socket, &addr, sizeof addr) != 0) {
        FreeRTOS_closesocket(pb->pal.socket);
        pb->pal.socket = SOCKET_INVALID;
        return PNR_CONNECT_FAILED;
    }

    {
        TickType_t tmval = pdMS_TO_TICKS(pb->transaction_timeout_ms);
        FreeRTOS_setsockopt(pb->pal.socket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &tmval, sizeof tmval);
    }

    return PNR_OK;
}

static void prvSimpleClientTask( void *pvParameters )
{
xSocket_t xClientSocket;
struct freertos_sockaddr xDestinationAddress;
uint8_t cString[ 50 ];
portBASE_TYPE lReturned;
uint32_t ulCount = 0UL, ulIPAddress;
const uint32_t ulLoopsPerSocket = 10UL;
const portTickType x150ms = 150UL / portTICK_RATE_MS;

	/* Remove compiler warning about unused parameters. */
	( void ) pvParameters;

	/* It is assumed that this task is not created until the network is up,
	so the IP address can be obtained immediately.  store the IP address being
	used in ulIPAddress.  This is done so the socket can send to a different
	port on the same IP address. */
	FreeRTOS_GetAddressConfiguration( &ulIPAddress, NULL, NULL, NULL );

	/* This test sends to itself, so data sent from here is received by a server
	socket on the same IP address.  Setup the freertos_sockaddr structure with
	this nodes IP address, and the port number being sent to.  The strange
	casting is to try and remove compiler warnings on 32 bit machines. */
	xDestinationAddress.sin_addr = ulIPAddress;
	xDestinationAddress.sin_port = ( uint16_t ) ( ( uint32_t ) pvParameters ) & 0xffffUL;
	xDestinationAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( xDestinationAddress.sin_port );

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Create the socket. */
		xClientSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
		configASSERT( xClientSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

		/* The count is used to differentiate between different messages sent to
		the server, and to break out of the do while loop below. */
		ulCount = 0UL;

		do
		{
			/* Create the string that is sent to the server. */
			sprintf( ( char * ) cString, "Server received (not zero copy): Message number %lu\r\n", ulCount );

			/* Send the string to the socket.  ulFlags is set to 0, so the zero
			copy option is not selected.  That means the data from cString[] is
			copied into a network buffer inside FreeRTOS_sendto(), and cString[]
			can be reused as soon as FreeRTOS_sendto() has returned. */
			lReturned = FreeRTOS_sendto( xClientSocket, ( void * ) cString, strlen( ( const char * ) cString ), 0, &xDestinationAddress, sizeof( xDestinationAddress ) );

			ulCount++;

		} while( ( lReturned != FREERTOS_SOCKET_ERROR ) && ( ulCount < ulLoopsPerSocket ) );

		FreeRTOS_closesocket( xClientSocket );

		/* A short delay to prevent the messages printed by the server task
		scrolling off the screen too quickly, and to prevent reduce the network
		loading. */
		vTaskDelay( x150ms );
	}
}

bool nabto_init_socket( uint32_t localAddr, uint16_t* localPort, nabto_socket_t* socketDescriptor )
{
int to = 0;
struct freertos_sockaddr xAddress, *pxAddressToUse;
bool bReturn = true;

    if (MAX_SOCKETS <= nSockets)
    {
        bReturn = false;
    }
    else
    {
        *socketDescriptor = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );

        if( NULL == *socketDescriptor )
        {
            bReturn = false;
        }
        else
        {
            memset( &xAddress, 0, sizeof( xAddress ) );
            xAddress.sin_addr = FreeRTOS_htonl( localAddr );
            xAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( *localPort );


            pxAddressToUse = &xAddress;


            if( 0 > FreeRTOS_bind(*socketDescriptor, pxAddressToUse, sizeof( xAddress ) ) )
            {
                FreeRTOS_closesocket( *socketDescriptor );
                bReturn = false;
            }
            else
            {
                /* Set receive time out to 0.  Timeouts are performed using a
                select() call. */
                FreeRTOS_setsockopt( *socketDescriptor, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &to, sizeof( to ) );
                activeSockets[nSockets++] = *socketDescriptor;
            }

            *localPort = FreeRTOS_htons( xAddress.sin_port );
        }
    }
    return bReturn;
}

void vStartNTPTask( uint16_t usTaskStackSize, UBaseType_t uxTaskPriority )
{
	/* The only public function in this module: start a task to contact
	some NTP server. */

	if( xNTPTaskhandle != NULL )
	{
		switch( xStatus )
		{
		case EStatusPause:
			xStatus = EStatusAsking;
			vSignalTask();
			break;
		case EStatusLookup:
			FreeRTOS_printf( ( "NTP looking up server\n" ) );
			break;
		case EStatusAsking:
			FreeRTOS_printf( ( "NTP still asking\n" ) );
			break;
		case EStatusFailed:
			FreeRTOS_printf( ( "NTP failed somehow\n" ) );
			ulIPAddressFound = 0ul;
			xStatus = EStatusLookup;
			vSignalTask();
			break;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		xUDPSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
		if( xUDPSocket != NULL )
		{
		struct freertos_sockaddr xAddress;
		#if( ipconfigUSE_CALLBACKS != 0 )
			BaseType_t xReceiveTimeOut = pdMS_TO_TICKS( 0 );
		#else
			BaseType_t xReceiveTimeOut = pdMS_TO_TICKS( 5000 );
		#endif

			xAddress.sin_addr = 0ul;
			xAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( NTP_PORT );

			FreeRTOS_bind( xUDPSocket, &xAddress, sizeof( xAddress ) );
			FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xUDPSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &xReceiveTimeOut, sizeof( xReceiveTimeOut ) );
			xTaskCreate( 	prvNTPTask,						/* The function that implements the task. */
							( const char * ) "NTP client",	/* Just a text name for the task to aid debugging. */
							usTaskStackSize,				/* The stack size is defined in FreeRTOSIPConfig.h. */
							NULL,							/* The task parameter, not used in this case. */
							uxTaskPriority,					/* The priority assigned to the task is defined in FreeRTOSConfig.h. */
							&xNTPTaskhandle );				/* The task handle. */
		}
		else
		{
			FreeRTOS_printf( ( "Creating socket failed\n" ) );
		}
	}
}

static void prvMultipleSocketTxTask( void *pvParameters )
{
uint32_t ulTxValue = 0;
struct freertos_sockaddr xDestinationAddress;
uint32_t ulIPAddress, ulFirstDestinationPortNumber, xPortNumber;
xSocket_t xTxSocket;
const TickType_t xShortDelay = 100 / portTICK_RATE_MS, xSendBlockTime = 500 / portTICK_RATE_MS;

	srand( ( unsigned int ) &xPortNumber );

	/* The first destination port number is passed in as the task parameter.
	Other destination port numbers used are consecutive from this. */
	ulFirstDestinationPortNumber = ( uint32_t ) pvParameters;

	/* Create the socket used to send to the sockets created by the Rx task.
	Let the IP stack select a port to bind to. */
	xTxSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
	FreeRTOS_bind( xTxSocket, NULL, sizeof( struct freertos_sockaddr ) );

	/* The Rx and Tx tasks execute at the same priority so it is possible that
	the Tx task will fill up the send queue - set a Tx block time to ensure
	flow control is managed if this happens. */
	FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xTxSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_SNDTIMEO, &xSendBlockTime, sizeof( xSendBlockTime ) );

	/* It is assumed that this task is not created until the network is up,
	so the IP address can be obtained immediately.  Store the IP address being
	used in ulIPAddress.  This is done so the socket can send to a different
	port on the same IP address. */
	FreeRTOS_GetAddressConfiguration( &ulIPAddress, NULL, NULL, NULL );

	/* This test sends to itself, so data sent from here is received by a server
	socket on the same IP address.  Setup the freertos_sockaddr structure with
	this nodes IP address. */
	xDestinationAddress.sin_addr = ulIPAddress;

	/* Block for a short time to ensure the task implemented by the
	prvMultipleSocketRxTask() function has finished creating the Rx sockets. */
	vTaskDelay( xShortDelay );

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Pseudo randomly select the destination port number from the range of
		valid destination port numbers. */
		xPortNumber = rand() % selNUMBER_OF_SOCKETS;
		xDestinationAddress.sin_port = ( uint16_t ) ( ulFirstDestinationPortNumber + xPortNumber );
		xDestinationAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( xDestinationAddress.sin_port );

		/* Send an incrementing value. */
		FreeRTOS_sendto( xTxSocket, &ulTxValue, sizeof( ulTxValue ), 0, &xDestinationAddress, sizeof( xDestinationAddress ) );
		ulTxValue++;

		/* Delay here because in the Windows simulator the MAC interrupt
		simulator delays, so network trafic cannot be received any faster
		than this. */
		vTaskDelay( configWINDOWS_MAC_INTERRUPT_SIMULATOR_DELAY );
	}
}

static void prvSimpleZeroCopyServerTask( void *pvParameters )
{
int32_t lBytes;
uint8_t *pucUDPPayloadBuffer;
struct freertos_sockaddr xClient, xBindAddress;
uint32_t xClientLength = sizeof( xClient ), ulIPAddress;
xSocket_t xListeningSocket;

	/* Just to prevent compiler warnings. */
	( void ) pvParameters;

	/* Attempt to open the socket. */
	xListeningSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
	configASSERT( xListeningSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

	/* This test receives data sent from a different port on the same IP address.
	Obtain the nodes IP address.  Configure the freertos_sockaddr structure with
	the address being bound to.  The strange casting is to try and remove
	compiler warnings on 32 bit machines.  Note that this task is only created
	after the network is up, so the IP address is valid here. */
	FreeRTOS_GetAddressConfiguration( &ulIPAddress, NULL, NULL, NULL );
	xBindAddress.sin_addr = ulIPAddress;
	xBindAddress.sin_port = ( uint16_t ) ( ( uint32_t ) pvParameters ) & 0xffffUL;
	xBindAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( xBindAddress.sin_port );

	/* Bind the socket to the port that the client task will send to. */
	FreeRTOS_bind( xListeningSocket, &xBindAddress, sizeof( xBindAddress ) );

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Receive data on the socket.  ulFlags has the zero copy bit set
		(FREERTOS_ZERO_COPY) indicating to the stack that a reference to the
		received data should be passed out to this task using the second
		parameter to the FreeRTOS_recvfrom() call.  When this is done the
		IP stack is no longer responsible for releasing the buffer, and
		the task *must* return the buffer to the stack when it is no longer
		needed.  By default the block time is portMAX_DELAY. */
		lBytes = FreeRTOS_recvfrom( xListeningSocket, ( void * ) &pucUDPPayloadBuffer, 0, FREERTOS_ZERO_COPY, &xClient, &xClientLength );

		/* It is expected to receive one more byte than the string length as
		the NULL terminator is also transmitted. */
		configASSERT( lBytes == ( ( portBASE_TYPE ) strlen( ( const char * ) pucUDPPayloadBuffer ) + 1 ) );

		/* Print the received characters. */
		if( lBytes > 0 )
		{
			vOutputString( ( char * ) pucUDPPayloadBuffer );
		}

		if( lBytes >= 0 )
		{
			/* The buffer *must* be freed once it is no longer needed. */
			FreeRTOS_ReleaseUDPPayloadBuffer( pucUDPPayloadBuffer );
		}
	}
}

	static void prvReplyDNSMessage( NetworkBufferDescriptor_t *pxNetworkBuffer, BaseType_t lNetLength )
	{
	UDPPacket_t *pxUDPPacket;
	IPHeader_t *pxIPHeader;
	UDPHeader_t *pxUDPHeader;

		pxUDPPacket = (UDPPacket_t *) pxNetworkBuffer->pucEthernetBuffer;
		pxIPHeader = &pxUDPPacket->xIPHeader;
		pxUDPHeader = &pxUDPPacket->xUDPHeader;
		/* HT: started using defines like 'ipSIZE_OF_xxx' */
		pxIPHeader->usLength               = FreeRTOS_htons( lNetLength + ipSIZE_OF_IPv4_HEADER + ipSIZE_OF_UDP_HEADER );
		/* HT:endian: should not be translated, copying from packet to packet */
		pxIPHeader->ulDestinationIPAddress = pxIPHeader->ulSourceIPAddress;
		pxIPHeader->ulSourceIPAddress      = *ipLOCAL_IP_ADDRESS_POINTER;
		pxIPHeader->ucTimeToLive           = ipconfigUDP_TIME_TO_LIVE;
		pxIPHeader->usIdentification       = FreeRTOS_htons( usPacketIdentifier );
		usPacketIdentifier++;
		pxUDPHeader->usLength              = FreeRTOS_htons( lNetLength + ipSIZE_OF_UDP_HEADER );
		vFlip_16( pxUDPPacket->xUDPHeader.usSourcePort, pxUDPPacket->xUDPHeader.usDestinationPort );

		#if( ipconfigDRIVER_INCLUDED_TX_IP_CHECKSUM == 0 )
		{
			/* calculate the IP header checksum */
			pxIPHeader->usHeaderChecksum       = 0x00;
			pxIPHeader->usHeaderChecksum       = usGenerateChecksum( 0UL, ( uint8_t * ) &( pxIPHeader->ucVersionHeaderLength ), ipSIZE_OF_IPv4_HEADER );
			pxIPHeader->usHeaderChecksum       = ~FreeRTOS_htons( pxIPHeader->usHeaderChecksum );

			/* calculate the UDP checksum for outgoing package */
			usGenerateProtocolChecksum( ( uint8_t* ) pxUDPPacket, pdTRUE );
		}
		#endif

		/* Important: tell NIC driver how many bytes must be sent */
		pxNetworkBuffer->xDataLength = ( size_t ) ( lNetLength + ipSIZE_OF_IPv4_HEADER + ipSIZE_OF_UDP_HEADER + ipSIZE_OF_ETH_HEADER );

		/* This function will fill in the eth addresses and send the packet */
		vReturnEthernetFrame( pxNetworkBuffer, pdFALSE );
	}

static void prvSimpleServerTask( void *pvParameters )
{
long lBytes;
uint8_t cReceivedString[ 60 ];
struct freertos_sockaddr xClient, xBindAddress;
uint32_t xClientLength = sizeof( xClient );
xSocket_t xListeningSocket;

	/* Just to prevent compiler warnings. */
	( void ) pvParameters;

	/* Attempt to open the socket. */
	xListeningSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
	configASSERT( xListeningSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

	/* This test receives data sent from a different port on the same IP
	address.  Configure the freertos_sockaddr structure with the address being
	bound to.  The strange casting is to try and remove	compiler warnings on 32
	bit machines.  Note that this task is only created after the network is up,
	so the IP address is valid here. */
	xBindAddress.sin_port = ( uint16_t ) ( ( uint32_t ) pvParameters ) & 0xffffUL;
	xBindAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( xBindAddress.sin_port );

	/* Bind the socket to the port that the client task will send to. */
	FreeRTOS_bind( xListeningSocket, &xBindAddress, sizeof( xBindAddress ) );

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Zero out the receive array so there is NULL at the end of the string
		when it is printed out. */
		memset( cReceivedString, 0x00, sizeof( cReceivedString ) );

		/* Receive data on the socket.  ulFlags is zero, so the zero copy option
		is not set and the received data is copied into the buffer pointed to by
		cReceivedString.  By default the block time is portMAX_DELAY.
		xClientLength is not actually used by FreeRTOS_recvfrom(), but is set
		appropriately in case future versions do use it. */
		lBytes = FreeRTOS_recvfrom( xListeningSocket, cReceivedString, sizeof( cReceivedString ), 0, &xClient, &xClientLength );

		/* Print the received characters. */
		if( lBytes > 0 )
		{
			vOutputString( ( char * ) cReceivedString );
		}

		/* Error check. */
		configASSERT( lBytes == ( portBASE_TYPE ) strlen( ( const char * ) cReceivedString ) );
	}
}

ssize_t nabto_write( nabto_socket_t socket,
                     const uint8_t* buf,
                     size_t         len,
                     uint32_t       addr,
                     uint16_t       port )
{
    int res;
    struct freertos_sockaddr xAddress;

    memset( &xAddress, 0, sizeof( xAddress ) );
    xAddress.sin_addr = FreeRTOS_htonl( addr );
    xAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( port );
    res = FreeRTOS_sendto( socket, buf, ( int )len, 0, ( struct freertos_sockaddr * ) &xAddress, sizeof( xAddress ) );
    return res;
} 

static void prvConnectionListeningTask( void *pvParameters )
{
struct freertos_sockaddr xClient, xBindAddress;
xSocket_t xListeningSocket, xConnectedSocket;
socklen_t xSize = sizeof( xClient );
static const TickType_t xReceiveTimeOut = portMAX_DELAY;
const BaseType_t xBacklog = 20;
xWinProperties_t xWinProps;

	/* Just to prevent compiler warnings. */
	( void ) pvParameters;

	/* Attempt to open the socket. */
	xListeningSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_STREAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_TCP );
	configASSERT( xListeningSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

	/* Set a time out so accept() will just wait for a connection. */
	FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xListeningSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &xReceiveTimeOut, sizeof( xReceiveTimeOut ) );

	/* Fill in the buffer and window sizes that will be used by the socket. */
	xWinProps.lTxBufSize = 6 * ipconfigTCP_MSS;
	xWinProps.lTxWinSize = 3;
	xWinProps.lRxBufSize = 6 * ipconfigTCP_MSS;
	xWinProps.lRxWinSize = 3;

	/* Set the window and buffer sizes. */
	FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xListeningSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_WIN_PROPERTIES, ( void * ) &xWinProps, sizeof( xWinProps ) );

	/* Bind the socket to the port that the client task will send to, then
	listen for incoming connections. */
	xBindAddress.sin_port = tcpechoPORT_NUMBER;
	xBindAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( xBindAddress.sin_port );
	FreeRTOS_bind( xListeningSocket, &xBindAddress, sizeof( xBindAddress ) );
	FreeRTOS_listen( xListeningSocket, xBacklog );

	/* Create the clients that will connect to the listening socket. */
	prvCreateWindowsThreadClients();

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Wait for a client to connect. */
		xConnectedSocket = FreeRTOS_accept( xListeningSocket, &xClient, &xSize );
		configASSERT( xConnectedSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

		/* Spawn a task to handle the connection. */
		xTaskCreate( prvServerConnectionInstance, "EchoServer", usUsedStackSize, ( void * ) xConnectedSocket, tskIDLE_PRIORITY, NULL );
	}
}

static xSocket_t prvOpenUDPServerSocket( uint16_t usPort )
{
    struct freertos_sockaddr xServer;
    xSocket_t xSocket = FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET;

    xSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
    if( xSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET) {
        /* Zero out the server structure. */
        memset( ( void * ) &xServer, 0x00, sizeof( xServer ) );

        /* Set family and port. */
        xServer.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( usPort );

        /* Bind the address to the socket. */
        if( FreeRTOS_bind( xSocket, &xServer, sizeof( xServer ) ) == -1 ) {
            FreeRTOS_closesocket( xSocket );
            xSocket = FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET;
        }
    }

    return xSocket;
}

static void prvNTPTask( void *pvParameters )
{
BaseType_t xServerIndex = 3;
struct freertos_sockaddr xAddress;
#if( ipconfigUSE_CALLBACKS != 0 )
	F_TCP_UDP_Handler_t xHandler;
#endif /* ipconfigUSE_CALLBACKS != 0 */

	xStatus = EStatusLookup;
	#if( ipconfigSOCKET_HAS_USER_SEMAPHORE != 0 ) || ( ipconfigUSE_CALLBACKS != 0 )
	{
		xNTPWakeupSem = xSemaphoreCreateBinary();
	}
	#endif

	#if( ipconfigUSE_CALLBACKS != 0 )
	{
		memset( &xHandler, '\0', sizeof ( xHandler ) );
		xHandler.pOnUdpReceive = xOnUdpReceive;
		FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xUDPSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_UDP_RECV_HANDLER, ( void * ) &xHandler, sizeof( xHandler ) );
	}
	#endif
	#if( ipconfigSOCKET_HAS_USER_SEMAPHORE != 0 )
	{
		FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xUDPSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_SET_SEMAPHORE, ( void * ) &xNTPWakeupSem, sizeof( xNTPWakeupSem ) );
	}
	#endif
	for( ; ; )
	{
		switch( xStatus )
		{
		case EStatusLookup:
			if( ( ulIPAddressFound == 0ul ) || ( ulIPAddressFound == ~0ul ) )
			{
				if( ++xServerIndex == sizeof pcTimeServers / sizeof pcTimeServers[ 0 ] )
				{
					xServerIndex = 0;
				}
				FreeRTOS_printf( ( "Looking up server '%s'\n", pcTimeServers[ xServerIndex ] ) );
				FreeRTOS_gethostbyname_a( pcTimeServers[ xServerIndex ], vDNS_callback, (void *)NULL, 1200 );
			}
			else
			{
				xStatus = EStatusAsking;
			}
			break;

		case EStatusAsking:
			{
			char pcBuf[16];

				prvNTPPacketInit( );
				xAddress.sin_addr = ulIPAddressFound;
				xAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( NTP_PORT );

				FreeRTOS_inet_ntoa( xAddress.sin_addr, pcBuf );
				FreeRTOS_printf( ( "Sending UDP message to %s:%u\n",
					pcBuf,
					FreeRTOS_ntohs( xAddress.sin_port ) ) );

				uxSendTime = xTaskGetTickCount( );
				FreeRTOS_sendto( xUDPSocket, ( void * )&xNTPPacket, sizeof( xNTPPacket ), 0, &xAddress, sizeof( xAddress ) );
			}
			break;

		case EStatusPause:
			break;

		case EStatusFailed:
			break;
		}

		#if( ipconfigUSE_CALLBACKS != 0 )
		{
			xSemaphoreTake( xNTPWakeupSem, 5000 );
		}
		#else
		{
		uint32_t xAddressSize;
		BaseType_t xReturned;
			xAddressSize = sizeof( xAddress );
			xReturned = FreeRTOS_recvfrom( xUDPSocket, ( void * ) cRecvBuffer, sizeof( cRecvBuffer ), 0, &xAddress, &xAddressSize );
			switch( xReturned )
			{
			case 0:
			case -pdFREERTOS_ERRNO_EAGAIN:
			case -pdFREERTOS_ERRNO_EINTR:
				break;
			default:
				if( xReturned < sizeof( xNTPPacket ) )
				{
					FreeRTOS_printf( ( "FreeRTOS_recvfrom: returns %ld\n", xReturned ) );
				}
				else
				{
					prvReadTime( ( struct SNtpPacket *)cRecvBuffer );
					if( xStatus != EStatusPause )
					{
						xStatus = EStatusPause;
					}
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

static void prvZeroCopyEchoClientTask( void *pvParameters )
{
xSocket_t xSocket;
struct freertos_sockaddr xEchoServerAddress;
static char cTxString[ 40 ];
int32_t lLoopCount = 0UL;
volatile uint32_t ulRxCount = 0UL, ulTxCount = 0UL;
uint32_t xAddressLength = sizeof( xEchoServerAddress );
int32_t lReturned;
uint8_t *pucUDPPayloadBuffer;

const int32_t lMaxLoopCount = 50;
const char * const pcStringToSend = "Zero copy message number";
/* The buffer is large enough to hold the string, a number, and the string terminator. */
const size_t xBufferLength = strlen( pcStringToSend ) + 15;

	#if ipconfigINCLUDE_EXAMPLE_FREERTOS_PLUS_TRACE_CALLS == 1
	{
		/* When the trace recorder code is included user events are generated to
		mark the sending and receiving of the echoed data (only in the zero copy
		task). */
		xZeroCopySendEvent = xTraceOpenLabel( "ZeroCopyTx" );
		xZeroCopyReceiveEvent = xTraceOpenLabel( "ZeroCopyRx" );
	}
	#endif /* ipconfigINCLUDE_EXAMPLE_FREERTOS_PLUS_TRACE_CALLS */

	/* Remove compiler warning about unused parameters. */
	( void ) pvParameters;

	/* Delay for a little while to ensure the task is out of synch with the
	other echo task implemented above. */
	vTaskDelay( echoLOOP_DELAY >> 1 );

	/* Echo requests are sent to the echo server.  The address of the echo
	server is configured by the constants configECHO_SERVER_ADDR0 to
	configECHO_SERVER_ADDR3 in FreeRTOSConfig.h. */
	xEchoServerAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( echoECHO_PORT );
	xEchoServerAddress.sin_addr = FreeRTOS_inet_addr_quick( configECHO_SERVER_ADDR0,
															configECHO_SERVER_ADDR1,
															configECHO_SERVER_ADDR2,
															configECHO_SERVER_ADDR3 );

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Create a socket. */
		xSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
		configASSERT( xSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

		/* Set a time out so a missing reply does not cause the task to block
		indefinitely. */
		FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &xReceiveTimeOut, sizeof( xReceiveTimeOut ) );

		/* Send a number of echo requests. */
		for( lLoopCount = 0; lLoopCount < lMaxLoopCount; lLoopCount++ )
		{
			/* This task is going to send using the zero copy interface.  The
			data being sent is therefore written directly into a buffer that is
			passed by reference into the FreeRTOS_sendto() function.  First
			obtain a buffer of adequate size from the IP stack.  Although a max
			delay is used, the actual delay will be capped to
			ipconfigMAX_SEND_BLOCK_TIME_TICKS, hence the test to ensure a buffer
			was actually obtained. */
			pucUDPPayloadBuffer = ( uint8_t * ) FreeRTOS_GetUDPPayloadBuffer( xBufferLength, portMAX_DELAY );

			if( pucUDPPayloadBuffer != NULL )
			{
				/* A buffer was successfully obtained.  Create the string that is
				sent to the echo server.  Note the string is written directly
				into the buffer obtained from the IP stack. */
				sprintf( ( char * ) pucUDPPayloadBuffer, "%s %u\r\n", "Zero copy message number", ( unsigned int ) ulTxCount );

				/* Also copy the string into a local buffer so it can be compared
				with the string that is later received back from the echo server. */
				strcpy( cTxString, ( char * ) pucUDPPayloadBuffer );

				/* Pass the buffer into the send function.  ulFlags has the
				FREERTOS_ZERO_COPY bit set so the IP stack will take control of
				the	buffer, rather than copy data out of the buffer. */
				echoMARK_SEND_IN_TRACE_BUFFER( xZeroCopySendEvent );
				lReturned = FreeRTOS_sendto( 	xSocket,					/* The socket being sent to. */
												( void * ) pucUDPPayloadBuffer,	/* The buffer being passed into the IP stack. */
												strlen( cTxString ) + 1, 	/* The length of the data being sent.  Plus 1 to ensure the null terminator is part of the data. */
												FREERTOS_ZERO_COPY,			/* ulFlags with the zero copy bit is set. */
												&xEchoServerAddress,		/* Where the data is being sent. */
												sizeof( xEchoServerAddress ) );

				if( lReturned == 0 )
				{
					/* The send operation failed, so this task is still
					responsible	for the buffer obtained from the IP stack.  To
					ensure the buffer is not lost it must either be used again,
					or, as in this case, returned to the IP stack using
					FreeRTOS_ReleaseUDPPayloadBuffer().  pucUDPPayloadBuffer can
					be safely re-used to receive from the socket below once the
					buffer has been returned to the stack. */
					FreeRTOS_ReleaseUDPPayloadBuffer( ( void * ) pucUDPPayloadBuffer );
				}
				else
				{
					/* The send was successful so the IP stack is now managing
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

static void prvEchoClientTask( void *pvParameters )
{
xSocket_t xSocket;
struct freertos_sockaddr xEchoServerAddress;
char cTxString[ 25 ], cRxString[ 25 ]; /* Make sure the stack is large enough to hold these.  Turn on stack overflow checking during debug to be sure. */
int32_t lLoopCount = 0UL;
const int32_t lMaxLoopCount = 50;
volatile uint32_t ulRxCount = 0UL, ulTxCount = 0UL;
uint32_t xAddressLength = sizeof( xEchoServerAddress );

	/* Remove compiler warning about unused parameters. */
	( void ) pvParameters;

	/* Echo requests are sent to the echo server.  The address of the echo
	server is configured by the constants configECHO_SERVER_ADDR0 to
	configECHO_SERVER_ADDR3 in FreeRTOSConfig.h. */
	xEchoServerAddress.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons( echoECHO_PORT );
	xEchoServerAddress.sin_addr = FreeRTOS_inet_addr_quick( configECHO_SERVER_ADDR0,
															configECHO_SERVER_ADDR1,
															configECHO_SERVER_ADDR2,
															configECHO_SERVER_ADDR3 );

	for( ;; )
	{
		/* Create a socket. */
		xSocket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );
		configASSERT( xSocket != FREERTOS_INVALID_SOCKET );

		/* Set a time out so a missing reply does not cause the task to block
		indefinitely. */
		FreeRTOS_setsockopt( xSocket, 0, FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO, &xReceiveTimeOut, sizeof( xReceiveTimeOut ) );

		/* Send a number of echo requests. */
		for( lLoopCount = 0; lLoopCount < lMaxLoopCount; lLoopCount++ )
		{
			/* Create the string that is sent to the echo server. */
			sprintf( cTxString, "Message number %u\r\n", ( unsigned int ) ulTxCount );

			/* Send the string to the socket.  ulFlags is set to 0, so the zero
			copy interface is not used.  That means the data from cTxString is
			copied into a network buffer inside FreeRTOS_sendto(), and cTxString
			can be reused as soon as FreeRTOS_sendto() has returned.  1 is added
			to ensure the NULL string terminator is sent as part of the message. */
			FreeRTOS_sendto( xSocket,				/* The socket being sent to. */
							( void * ) cTxString,	/* The data being sent. */
							strlen( cTxString ) + 1,/* The length of the data being sent. */
							0,						/* ulFlags with the FREERTOS_ZERO_COPY bit clear. */
							&xEchoServerAddress,	/* The destination address. */
							sizeof( xEchoServerAddress ) );

			/* Keep a count of how many echo requests have been transmitted so
			it can be compared to the number of echo replies received.  It would
			be expected to loose at least one to an ARP message the first time
			the	connection is created. */
			ulTxCount++;

			/* Receive data echoed back to the socket.  ulFlags is zero, so the
			zero copy option is not being used and the received data will be
			copied into the buffer pointed to by cRxString.  xAddressLength is
			not actually used (at the time of writing this comment, anyway) by
			FreeRTOS_recvfrom(), but is set appropriately in case future
			versions do use it. */
			memset( ( void * ) cRxString, 0x00, sizeof( cRxString ) );
			FreeRTOS_recvfrom(	xSocket,				/* The socket being received from. */
								cRxString,				/* The buffer into which the received data will be written. */
								sizeof( cRxString ),	/* The size of the buffer provided to receive the data. */
								0,						/* ulFlags with the FREERTOS_ZERO_COPY bit clear. */
								&xEchoServerAddress,	/* The address from where the data was sent (the source address). */
								&xAddressLength );

			/* Compare the transmitted string to the received string. */
			if( strcmp( cRxString, cTxString ) == 0 )
			{
				/* The echo reply was received without error. */
				ulRxCount++;
			}
		};

		/* Pause for a short while to ensure the network is not too
		congested. */
		vTaskDelay( echoLOOP_DELAY );

		/* Close this socket before looping back to create another. */
		FreeRTOS_closesocket( xSocket );
	}
}

static void SNTP_thread(void* pvp)
{
	struct sntp_c 		params;
	const TickType_t 	xReceiveTimeOut = 500;
	uint32_t			ntp_addr=0;
	struct sntp_msg		sntpmsg,sntpresponse;
	uint16_t			usBytes;
	uint32_t			addr_len = sizeof(params.xClient);



	sys_time.timezone = 1;

	params.poll_interval = SNTP_POLL_INTERVAL;

    /* Attempt to open the socket. */
    params.socket = FreeRTOS_socket( FREERTOS_AF_INET,
    									 FREERTOS_SOCK_DGRAM,
			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 FREERTOS_IPPROTO_UDP );

    /* Set a time out so connect() will try connect over and over */
    FreeRTOS_setsockopt( params.socket,
                         0,
                         FREERTOS_SO_RCVTIMEO,
                         &xReceiveTimeOut,
                         sizeof( xReceiveTimeOut ) );

    params.xClient.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons(SNTP_PORT_NR);

    memset(&sntpmsg,0,sizeof(sntpmsg));
    sntpmsg.li_vn_mode = SNTP_LI_NO_WARNING | SNTP_VERSION | SNTP_MODE_CLIENT;


    for(;;)
    {
        while(ntp_addr==0)
        {
        	ntp_addr=FreeRTOS_gethostbyname(SNTP_SERVER_ADDRESS_NAME); // try to connect 5 times after that returns 0
        	params.xClient.sin_addr = ntp_addr;
        }

        FreeRTOS_sendto(params.socket,&sntpmsg,sizeof(sntpmsg),0,&params.xClient,sizeof(params.xClient)); // send request

        usBytes=FreeRTOS_recvfrom(params.socket,&sntpresponse,sizeof(sntpresponse),0,&params.xClient,&addr_len); // wait for NTP's server response,blocking

        if(usBytes == SNTP_MSG_LEN)
        {
        	/* Kiss-of-death packet. Use another server or increase SNTP_POLL_INTERVAL. */
        	if(sntpresponse.stratum == SNTP_STRATUM_KOD)
        	{
        		print_gen(s_KOD);
        		params.poll_interval +=1000;

        	}
        	else if (((sntpresponse.li_vn_mode & SNTP_MODE_MASK) == SNTP_MODE_SERVER) ||
                    ((sntpresponse.li_vn_mode & SNTP_MODE_MASK) == SNTP_MODE_BROADCAST))
        	{
        		getDate(FreeRTOS_ntohl(sntpresponse.receive_timestamp[0]),&sys_time);
				#if SNTP_PRINT_LOG
        			PRINT_SYSTIME;
				#endif
        	}
        }
        else //error
        {

        }

        vTaskDelay(params.poll_interval);
    }
}

int ICACHE_FLASH_ATTR NetworkConnect(Network* n, char* addr, int port) {
    struct sockaddr_in sAddr;
    int retVal = -1;

    bzero(&sAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
    if (!getIpForHost(addr, &sAddr)) {
        printf("get ip by hostname fail\n");
        return -1;
    }

    sAddr.sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons(port);

    if ((n->my_socket = FreeRTOS_socket(PF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
        goto exit;

//	printf("Connecting to server %s...\n", ipaddr_ntoa((const ip_addr_t*)&sAddr.sin_addr.s_addr));

    if ((retVal = FreeRTOS_connect(n->my_socket, (struct sockaddr * )(&sAddr),
                                   sizeof(struct sockaddr))) < 0) {
        FreeRTOS_closesocket(n->my_socket);
        goto exit;
    }

exit:
//	printf("------------>connect init: %d, sock:%d \n", retVal, n->my_socket);
    return retVal;

#if 0
    struct freertos_sockaddr sAddr;
    int retVal = -1;
    uint32_t ipAddress;
    struct sockaddr_in *name_in;

    struct ip_addr *ad;
    struct hostent *pHost;
    if ((pHost = FreeRTOS_gethostbyname(addr)) == 0)
        goto exit;

    ad = (struct ip_addr *)&pHost->h_addr_list[0];
    ipAddress = ad->addr;

    sAddr.sa_family = AF_INET;
    name_in = (struct sockaddr_in *)(void*)(&sAddr);
    name_in->sin_port = FreeRTOS_htons(port);
    name_in->sin_addr.s_addr = ipAddress;
    printf("----->get ip: %08x, %08x, %08x\n", ipAddress, port, FreeRTOS_htons(port));

    if ((n->my_socket = FreeRTOS_socket(FREERTOS_AF_INET, FREERTOS_SOCK_STREAM, FREERTOS_IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0)
        goto exit;

    printf("++++++++++>get ip: %s\n", addr);

    if ((retVal = FreeRTOS_connect(n->my_socket, &sAddr, sizeof(sAddr))) < 0)
    {
        FreeRTOS_closesocket(n->my_socket);
        goto exit;
    }

exit:
    printf("------------>connect init fail \n");
    return retVal;
#endif

#if 0
    int type = SOCK_STREAM;
    struct sockaddr_in address;
    int retVal = -1;
    sa_family_t family = AF_INET;
    struct addrinfo *result = NULL;
    struct addrinfo hints = {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL};

    if ((retVal = getaddrinfo(addr, NULL, &hints, &result)) == 0)
    {
        printf("------------------->1\n");
        struct addrinfo* res