UINT32 sealy_state::screen_update_sealy(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	bitmap.fill(m_palette->black_pen(), cliprect);
	return 0;
}

UINT32 malzak_state::screen_update_malzak(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	const rgb_t *palette = m_palette->palette()->entry_list_raw();
	int sx, sy;
	int x,y;

	bitmap.fill(rgb_t::black);

	m_trom->screen_update(screen, bitmap, cliprect);

	// playfield - not sure exactly how this works...
	for (x = 0; x < 16; x++)
		for (y = 0; y < 16; y++)
		{
			sx = ((x * 16 - 48) - m_malzak_x) * 2;
			sy = ((y * 16) - m_malzak_y) * 2;

			if (sx < -271*2)
				sx += 512*2;
			if (sx < -15*2)
				sx += 256*2;

			m_gfxdecode->m_gfx[0]->zoom_transpen(bitmap,cliprect, m_playfield_code[x * 16 + y], 2, 0, 0, sx, sy, 0x20000, 0x20000, 0);
		}

	/* update the S2636 chips */
	bitmap_ind16 &s2636_0_bitmap = m_s2636_0->update(cliprect);
	bitmap_ind16 &s2636_1_bitmap = m_s2636_1->update(cliprect);

	/* copy the S2636 images into the main bitmap */
	{
		int y;

		for (y = cliprect.min_y; y <= cliprect.max_y / 2; y++)
		{
			int x;

			for (x = cliprect.min_x; x <= cliprect.max_x / 2; x++)
			{
				int pixel0 = s2636_0_bitmap.pix16(y, x);
				int pixel1 = s2636_1_bitmap.pix16(y, x);

				if (S2636_IS_PIXEL_DRAWN(pixel0)) {
					bitmap.pix32(y*2, x*2) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel0)];
					bitmap.pix32(y*2+1, x*2) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel0)];
					bitmap.pix32(y*2, x*2+1) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel0)];
					bitmap.pix32(y*2+1, x*2+1) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel0)];
				}

				if (S2636_IS_PIXEL_DRAWN(pixel1)) {
					bitmap.pix32(y*2, x*2) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel1)];
					bitmap.pix32(y*2+1, x*2) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel1)];
					bitmap.pix32(y*2, x*2+1) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel1)];
					bitmap.pix32(y*2+1, x*2+1) = palette[S2636_PIXEL_COLOR(pixel1)];
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

//  AM_RANGE(0x80, 0x80) AM_WRITE(bl2out_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0x90, 0x90) AM_WRITE(gr2out_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xa0, 0xa0) AM_WRITE(rd2out_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xb0, 0xb0) AM_WRITE(clrg2_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xc0, 0xc0) AM_WRITE(bluout_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xd0, 0xd0) AM_WRITE(grnout_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xe0, 0xe0) AM_WRITE(redout_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xf0, 0xf0) AM_WRITE(clrg1_w)
ADDRESS_MAP_END

/*
//-------------------------------------------------
//  ADDRESS_MAP( grip5_mem )
//-------------------------------------------------

static ADDRESS_MAP_START( grip5_mem, AS_PROGRAM, 8, grip5_state )
    AM_RANGE(0x0000, 0x3fff) AM_ROMBANK("eprom")
    AM_RANGE(0x4000, 0x5fff) AM_RAM
    AM_RANGE(0x8000, 0xffff) AM_RAMBANK("videoram")
ADDRESS_MAP_END


//-------------------------------------------------
//  ADDRESS_MAP( grip5_io )
//-------------------------------------------------

static ADDRESS_MAP_START( grip5_io, AS_IO, 8, grip5_device )
    ADDRESS_MAP_GLOBAL_MASK(0xff)
    AM_RANGE(0x00, 0x00) AM_READWRITE(cxstb_r, cxstb_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x10, 0x10) AM_WRITE(eprom_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x11, 0x11) AM_WRITE(vol0_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0x12, 0x12) AM_WRITE(rts_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x13, 0x13) AM_WRITE(page_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0x14, 0x14) AM_WRITE(str_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0x15, 0x15) AM_WRITE(intl_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x16, 0x16) AM_WRITE(dpage_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x17, 0x17) AM_WRITE(vol1_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x20, 0x2f) AM_DEVREADWRITE_LEGACY(Z80STI_TAG, z80sti_r, z80sti_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x30, 0x30) AM_READWRITE(lrs_r, lrs_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x40, 0x40) AM_READ(stat_r)
    AM_RANGE(0x50, 0x50) AM_DEVWRITE(HD6345_TAG, hd6345_device, address_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x52, 0x52) AM_DEVWRITE(HD6345_TAG, hd6345_device, register_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x53, 0x53) AM_DEVREAD(HD6345_TAG, hd6345_device, register_r)
    AM_RANGE(0x60, 0x60) AM_DEVWRITE_LEGACY(CENTRONICS_TAG, centronics_data_w)
    AM_RANGE(0x70, 0x73) AM_DEVREADWRITE(I8255A_TAG, i8255_device, read, write)

//  AM_RANGE(0x80, 0x80) AM_WRITE(xrflgs_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xc0, 0xc0) AM_WRITE(xrclrg_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xe0, 0xe0) AM_WRITE(xrclu0_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xe1, 0xe1) AM_WRITE(xrclu1_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xe2, 0xe2) AM_WRITE(xrclu2_w)

//  AM_RANGE(0x80, 0x80) AM_WRITE(bl2out_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0x90, 0x90) AM_WRITE(gr2out_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xa0, 0xa0) AM_WRITE(rd2out_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xb0, 0xb0) AM_WRITE(clrg2_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xc0, 0xc0) AM_WRITE(bluout_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xd0, 0xd0) AM_WRITE(grnout_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xe0, 0xe0) AM_WRITE(redout_w)
//  AM_RANGE(0xf0, 0xf0) AM_WRITE(clrg1_w)
ADDRESS_MAP_END
*/



//**************************************************************************
//  DEVICE CONFIGURATION
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  mc6845_interface crtc_intf
//-------------------------------------------------

void grip_device::crtc_update_row(mc6845_device *device, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect, UINT16 ma, UINT8 ra, UINT16 y, UINT8 x_count, INT8 cursor_x, void *param)
{
	int column, bit;

	for (column = 0; column < x_count; column++)
	{
		UINT16 address = (m_page << 12) | (((ma + column) & 0xfff) << 3) | (ra & 0x07);
		UINT8 data = m_video_ram[address];

		for (bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
		{
			int x = (column * 8) + bit;
			int color = m_flash ? 0 : BIT(data, bit);

			bitmap.pix32(y, x) = RGB_MONOCHROME_WHITE[color];
		}
	}
}

	u32 screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
	{
		bitmap.fill(rgb_t::black(), cliprect);
		return 0;
	}

UINT32 nubus_xceedmc30_device::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	UINT32 *scanline;
	int x, y;
	UINT8 pixels, *vram;

	// first time?  kick off the VBL timer
	if (!m_screen)
	{
		m_screen = &screen;
		m_timer->adjust(m_screen->time_until_pos(479, 0), 0);
	}

	vram = m_vram + (4*1024);

	switch (m_mode)
	{
		case 0: // 1 bpp?
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
				for (x = 0; x < 640/8; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>7)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>6)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>5)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>4)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>3)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>2)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>1)&1];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[pixels&1];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 1: // 2 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
				for (x = 0; x < 640/4; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels>>6)&3)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels>>4)&3)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels>>2)&3)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels&3)];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 2: // 4 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);

				for (x = 0; x < 640/2; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels>>4)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels&0xf)];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 3: // 8 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);

				for (x = 0; x < 640; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[pixels];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 4: // 24 bpp
			{
				UINT32 *vram32 = (UINT32 *)vram;
				UINT32 *base;

				for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
				{
					scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
					base = &vram32[y * 1024];
					for (x = 0; x < 640; x++)
					{
						*scanline++ = *base++;
					}
				}
			}
			break;

		default:
			fatalerror("xceedmc30: unknown video mode %d\n", m_mode);
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

UINT32 nubus_cb264_device::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
    UINT32 *scanline, *base;
    int x, y;
    UINT8 pixels;

    if (!m_cb264_vbl_disable)
    {
        raise_slot_irq();
    }

    switch (m_cb264_mode)
    {
    case 0: // 1 bpp
        for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
        {
            scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
            for (x = 0; x < 640/8; x++)
            {
                pixels = m_vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

                *scanline++ = m_palette[pixels&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<1)&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<2)&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<3)&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<4)&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<5)&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<6)&0x80];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<7)&0x80];
            }
        }
        break;

    case 1: // 2 bpp (3f/7f/bf/ff)
        for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
        {
            scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
            for (x = 0; x < 640/4; x++)
            {
                pixels = m_vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

                *scanline++ = m_palette[pixels&0xc0];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<2)&0xc0];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<4)&0xc0];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<6)&0xc0];
            }
        }
        break;

    case 2: // 4 bpp
        for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
        {
            scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);

            for (x = 0; x < 640/2; x++)
            {
                pixels = m_vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

                *scanline++ = m_palette[pixels&0xf0];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels<<4)&0xf0];
            }
        }
        break;

    case 3: // 8 bpp
        for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
        {
            scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);

            for (x = 0; x < 640; x++)
            {
                pixels = m_vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];
                *scanline++ = m_palette[pixels];
            }
        }
        break;

    case 4: // 24 bpp
    case 7: // ???
    {
        UINT32 *vram32 = (UINT32 *)&m_vram[0];

        for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
        {
            scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
            base = &vram32[y * 1024];
            for (x = 0; x < 640; x++)
            {
                *scanline++ = *base++;
            }
        }
    }
    break;

    default:
        fatalerror("cb264: unknown video mode %d\n", m_cb264_mode);
    }

    return 0;
}

UINT32 archimedes_state::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	int xstart,ystart,xend,yend;
	int res_x,res_y;
	int xsize,ysize;
	int calc_dxs = 0,calc_dxe = 0;
	const UINT8 x_step[4] = { 5, 7, 11, 19 };

	/* border color */
	bitmap.fill(machine().pens[0x10], cliprect);

	/* define X display area through BPP mode register */
	calc_dxs = (m_vidc_regs[VIDC_HDSR]*2)+x_step[m_vidc_bpp_mode & 3];
	calc_dxe = (m_vidc_regs[VIDC_HDER]*2)+x_step[m_vidc_bpp_mode & 3];

	/* now calculate display clip rectangle start/end areas */
	xstart = (calc_dxs)-m_vidc_regs[VIDC_HBSR];
	ystart = (m_vidc_regs[VIDC_VDSR])-m_vidc_regs[VIDC_VBSR];
	xend = (calc_dxe)+xstart;
	yend = m_vidc_regs[VIDC_VDER]+ystart;

	/* disable the screen if display params are invalid */
	if(xstart > xend || ystart > yend)
		return 0;

	xsize = calc_dxe-calc_dxs;
	ysize = m_vidc_regs[VIDC_VDER]-m_vidc_regs[VIDC_VDSR];

	{
		int count;
		int x,y,xi;
		UINT8 pen;
		static UINT8 *vram = machine().root_device().memregion("vram")->base();

		count = (0);

		switch(m_vidc_bpp_mode)
		{
			case 0: //1 bpp
			{
				for(y=0;y<ysize;y++)
				{
					for(x=0;x<xsize;x+=8)
					{
						pen = vram[count];

						for(xi=0;xi<8;xi++)
						{
							res_x = x+xi+xstart;
							res_y = (y+ystart)*(m_vidc_interlace+1);

							if(m_vidc_interlace)
							{
								if (cliprect.contains(res_x, res_y) && (res_x) <= xend && (res_y) <= yend)
									bitmap.pix32(res_y, res_x) = machine().pens[(pen>>(xi))&0x1];
								if (cliprect.contains(res_x, res_y+1) && (res_x) <= xend && (res_y+1) <= yend)
									bitmap.pix32(res_y+1, res_x) = machine().pens[(pen>>(xi))&0x1];
							}
							else
							{
								if (cliprect.contains(res_x, res_y) && (res_x) <= xend && (res_y) <= yend)
									bitmap.pix32(res_y, res_x) = machine().pens[(pen>>(xi))&0x1];
							}
						}

						count++;
					}
				}
			}
			break;
			case 3: //8 bpp
			{
				for(y=0;y<ysize;y++)
				{
					for(x=0;x<xsize;x++)
					{
						pen = vram[count];

						res_x = x+xstart;
						res_y = (y+ystart)*(m_vidc_interlace+1);

						if(m_vidc_interlace)
						{
							if (cliprect.contains(res_x, res_y) && (res_x) <= xend && (res_y) <= yend)
								bitmap.pix32(res_y, res_x) = machine().pens[(pen&0xff)+0x100];
							if (cliprect.contains(res_x, res_y) && (res_x) <= xend && (res_y+1) <= yend)
								bitmap.pix32(res_y+1, res_x) = machine().pens[(pen&0xff)+0x100];
						}
						else
						{
							if (cliprect.contains(res_x, res_y) && (res_x) <= xend && (res_y) <= yend)
								bitmap.pix32(res_y, res_x) = machine().pens[(pen&0xff)+0x100];
						}

						count++;
					}
				}
			}
			break;
		}
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

/* Mix the 2 sprite planes with the already rendered tilemaps..
 note, if we implement tilemap blending etc. too we'll probably have to mix those in here as well..

 this is just a reimplementation of the old priority system used before conversion but to work with
 the bitmaps.  It could probably be simplified / improved greatly, along with the long-standing bugs
 fixed, with manual mixing you have full control.

 apparently priority is based on a PROM, that should be used if possible.
*/
void boogwing_state::mix_boogwing(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	int y, x;
	const pen_t *paldata = &m_palette->pen(0);
	bitmap_ind16 *sprite_bitmap1, *sprite_bitmap2;
	bitmap_ind8* priority_bitmap;

	address_space &space = machine().dummy_space();
	uint16_t priority = m_decocomn->priority_r(space, 0, 0xffff);

	sprite_bitmap1 = &m_sprgen1->get_sprite_temp_bitmap();
	sprite_bitmap2 = &m_sprgen2->get_sprite_temp_bitmap();
	priority_bitmap = &screen.priority();

	uint32_t* dstline;
	uint16_t *srcline1, *srcline2;
	uint8_t *srcpriline;

	for (y=cliprect.min_y;y<=cliprect.max_y;y++)
	{
		srcline1=&sprite_bitmap1->pix16(y,0);
		srcline2=&sprite_bitmap2->pix16(y,0);
		srcpriline=&priority_bitmap->pix8(y,0);

		dstline=&bitmap.pix32(y,0);

		for (x=cliprect.min_x;x<=cliprect.max_x;x++)
		{
			uint16_t pix1 = srcline1[x];
			uint16_t pix2 = srcline2[x];

			/* Here we have
			 pix1 - raw pixel / colour / priority data from first 1sdt chip
			 pix2 - raw pixel / colour / priority data from first 2nd chip
			*/

			int pri1, pri2;
			int spri1, spri2, alpha2;
			alpha2 = 0xff;

			// pix1 sprite vs pix2 sprite
			if (pix1 & 0x400)       // todo - check only in pri mode 2??
				spri1 = 8;
			else
				spri1 = 32;

			// pix1 sprite vs playfield
			switch (priority)
			{
				case 0x01:
					{
						if ((pix1 & 0x600))
							pri1 = 16;
						else
							pri1 = 64;
					}
					break;

				default:
					{
						if ((pix1 & 0x600) == 0x600)
							pri1 = 4;
						else if ((pix1 & 0x600) == 0x400)
							pri1 = 16;
						else
							pri1 = 64;
					}
					break;
			}

			// pix2 sprite vs pix1 sprite
			if ((pix2 & 0x600) == 0x600)
				spri2 = 4;
			else if ((pix2 & 0x600))
				spri2 = 16;
			else
				spri2 = 64;

			// Transparency
			if (pix2 & 0x100)
				alpha2 = 0x80;

			// pix2 sprite vs playfield
			switch (priority)
			{
				case 0x02:
					{
						// Additional sprite alpha in this mode
						if (pix2 & 0x400)
							alpha2 = 0x80;

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

UINT32 zeus2_device::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	// Wait until configuration is completed before transfering anything
	if (m_zeusbase[0x30] == 0)
		return 0;

	int x, y;

	poly->wait();

	if (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_DOWN)) { zbase += machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_LSHIFT) ? 0x10 : 1; popmessage("Zbase = %f", (double)zbase); }
	if (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_UP)) { zbase -= machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_LSHIFT) ? 0x10 : 1; popmessage("Zbase = %f", (double)zbase); }

	/* normal update case */
	if (!machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_W))
	{
		int xoffs = screen.visible_area().min_x;
		for (y = cliprect.min_y; y <= cliprect.max_y; y++)
		{
			UINT32 *colorptr = &m_frameColor[frame_addr_from_xy(0, y, false)];
			UINT32 *dest = &bitmap.pix32(y);
			for (x = cliprect.min_x; x <= cliprect.max_x; x++) {
				UINT32 bufX = x - xoffs;
				//dest[x] = WAVERAM_READPIX(base, y, x - xoffs);
				dest[x] = colorptr[bufX];
			}
		}
	}

	/* waveram drawing case */
	else
	{
		const void *base;

		if (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_DOWN)) yoffs += machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_LSHIFT) ? 0x1000 : 40;
		if (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_UP)) yoffs -= machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_LSHIFT) ? 0x1000 : 40;
		if (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_LEFT) && texel_width > 4) { texel_width >>= 1; while (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_LEFT)) ; }
		if (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_RIGHT) && texel_width < 512) { texel_width <<= 1; while (machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_RIGHT)) ; }

		if (yoffs < 0) yoffs = 0;
		if (1) {
			//base = waveram0_ptr_from_expanded_addr(yoffs << 8);
			//base = waveram0_ptr_from_expanded_addr(yoffs);
			base = WAVERAM_BLOCK0(yoffs);
		}
		else
			base = (void *)&m_frameColor[yoffs << 6];

		int xoffs = screen.visible_area().min_x;
		for (y = cliprect.min_y; y <= cliprect.max_y; y++)
		{
			UINT32 *dest = &bitmap.pix32(y);
			for (x = cliprect.min_x; x <= cliprect.max_x; x++)
			{
				if (1) {
					UINT8 tex = get_texel_8bit((UINT64 *)base, y, x, texel_width);
					dest[x] = (tex << 16) | (tex << 8) | tex;
				}
				else {
					dest[x] = ((UINT32 *)(base))[((y * WAVERAM1_WIDTH)) + x - xoffs];
				}
			}
		}
		popmessage("offs = %06X base = %08X", yoffs, base);
	}

/***************************************************************************
    VIDEO HARDWARE
***************************************************************************/
UINT32 generic_terminal_device::update(screen_device &device, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	UINT8 options = m_io_term_conf->read();
	UINT16 cursor = m_y_pos * TERMINAL_WIDTH + m_x_pos;
	UINT8 y,ra,chr,gfx;
	UINT16 sy=0,ma=0,x;
	UINT32 font_color;
	switch (options & 0x30)
	{
	case 0x10:
		font_color = 0x00ff7e00;
		break;
	case 0x20:
		font_color = 0x00ffffff;
		break;
	default:
		font_color = 0x0000ff00;
		break;
	}

	m_framecnt++;

	for (y = 0; y < TERMINAL_HEIGHT; y++)
	{
		for (ra = 0; ra < 10; ra++)
		{
			UINT32  *p = &bitmap.pix32(sy++);

			for (x = ma; x < ma + TERMINAL_WIDTH; x++)
			{
				chr = m_buffer[x];
				gfx = terminal_font[(chr<<4) | ra ];

				if ((x == cursor) && (options & 1)) // at cursor position and want a cursor
				{
					if ((options & 2) || (ra == 9)) // block, or underline & at bottom line
					{
						if ((options & 4) && (m_framecnt & 8)) // want blink & time to blink
						{
						}
						else
						{
							if (options & 8)
								gfx ^= 0xff; // invert
							else
								gfx |= 0xff; // overwrite
						}
					}
				}

				/* Display a scanline of a character */
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 7 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 6 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 5 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 4 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 3 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 2 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 1 ))?font_color:0;
				*p++ = (BIT( gfx, 0 ))?font_color:0;
			}
		}
		ma+=TERMINAL_WIDTH;
	}
	return 0;
}

void k053247_device::zdrawgfxzoom32GP(
		bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect,
		UINT32 code, UINT32 color, int flipx, int flipy, int sx, int sy,
		int scalex, int scaley, int alpha, int drawmode, int zcode, int pri, UINT8* gx_objzbuf, UINT8* gx_shdzbuf)
{
#define FP     19
#define FPONE  (1<<FP)
#define FPHALF (1<<(FP-1))
#define FPENT  0

	// inner loop
	const UINT8  *src_ptr;
	int src_x;
	int eax, ecx;
	int src_fx, src_fdx;
	int shdpen;
	UINT8  z8 = 0, p8 = 0;
	UINT8  *ozbuf_ptr;
	UINT8  *szbuf_ptr;
	const pen_t *pal_base;
	const pen_t *shd_base;
	UINT32 *dst_ptr;

	// outter loop
	int src_fby, src_fdy, src_fbx;
	const UINT8 *src_base;
	int dst_w, dst_h;

	// one-time
	int nozoom, granularity;
	int src_fw, src_fh;
	int dst_minx, dst_maxx, dst_miny, dst_maxy;
	int dst_skipx, dst_skipy, dst_x, dst_y, dst_lastx, dst_lasty;
	int src_pitch, dst_pitch;


	// cull illegal and transparent objects
	if (!scalex || !scaley) return;

	// find shadow pens and cull invisible shadows
	granularity = shdpen = m_gfx->granularity();
	shdpen--;

	if (zcode >= 0)
	{
		if (drawmode == 5) { drawmode = 4; shdpen = 1; }
	}
	else
		if (drawmode >= 4) return;

	// alpha blend necessary?
	if (drawmode & 2)
	{
		if (alpha <= 0) return;
		if (alpha >= 255) drawmode &= ~2;
	}

	// fill internal data structure with default values
	ozbuf_ptr  = gx_objzbuf;
	szbuf_ptr  = gx_shdzbuf;

	src_pitch = 16;
	src_fw    = 16;
	src_fh    = 16;
	src_base  = m_gfx->get_data(code % m_gfx->elements());

	pal_base  = palette().pens() + m_gfx->colorbase() + (color % m_gfx->colors()) * granularity;
	shd_base  = palette().shadow_table();

	dst_ptr   = &bitmap.pix32(0);
	dst_pitch = bitmap.rowpixels();
	dst_minx  = cliprect.min_x;
	dst_maxx  = cliprect.max_x;
	dst_miny  = cliprect.min_y;
	dst_maxy  = cliprect.max_y;
	dst_x     = sx;
	dst_y     = sy;

	// cull off-screen objects
	if (dst_x > dst_maxx || dst_y > dst_maxy) return;
	nozoom = (scalex == 0x10000 && scaley == 0x10000);
	if (nozoom)
	{
		dst_h = dst_w = 16;
		src_fdy = src_fdx = 1;
	}
	else
	{
		dst_w = ((scalex<<4)+0x8000)>>16;
		dst_h = ((scaley<<4)+0x8000)>>16;
		if (!dst_w || !dst_h) return;

		src_fw <<= FP;
		src_fh <<= FP;
		src_fdx = src_fw / dst_w;
		src_fdy = src_fh / dst_h;
	}
	dst_lastx = dst_x + dst_w - 1;
	if (dst_lastx < dst_minx) return;
	dst_lasty = dst_y + dst_h - 1;
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

void rohga_state::mixnitroballlayer(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	int y, x;
	const pen_t *paldata = &m_palette->pen(0);
	bitmap_ind16 *sprite_bitmap1, *sprite_bitmap2;
	bitmap_ind8* priority_bitmap;

	uint16_t priority = m_decocomn->priority_r();

	sprite_bitmap1 = &m_sprgen[0]->get_sprite_temp_bitmap();
	sprite_bitmap2 = &m_sprgen[1]->get_sprite_temp_bitmap();
	priority_bitmap = &screen.priority();

	uint32_t* dstline;
	uint16_t *srcline1, *srcline2;
	uint8_t *srcpriline;

	for (y=cliprect.top();y<=cliprect.bottom();y++)
	{
		srcline1=&sprite_bitmap1->pix16(y,0);
		srcline2=&sprite_bitmap2->pix16(y,0);
		srcpriline=&priority_bitmap->pix8(y,0);

		dstline=&bitmap.pix32(y,0);

		for (x=cliprect.left();x<=cliprect.right();x++)
		{
			uint16_t pix1 = srcline1[x];
			uint16_t pix2 = srcline2[x];

			/* Here we have
			 pix1 - raw pixel / colour / priority data from first 1st chip
			 pix2 - raw pixel / colour / priority data from first 2nd chip
			*/

			int pri1, pri2;

			// pix1 sprite vs playfield
			switch (priority) // TODO : Verify this from real pcb
			{
				case 0x00:
				default:
					{
						switch (pix1 & 0xe00)
						{
							case 0x000:
							default:
								pri1 = 0x200;
								break;
							case 0x200:
								pri1 = 0x020;
								break;
							case 0x400:
								pri1 = 0x008;
								break;
							case 0x600:
								pri1 = 0x002;
								break;
							case 0x800:
								pri1 = 0x100;
								break;
							case 0xa00:
								pri1 = 0x040;
								break;
							case 0xc00:
								pri1 = 0x004;
								break;
							case 0xe00:
								pri1 = 0x001;
								break;
						}
					}
					break;
				case 0x20:
					{
						switch (pix1 & 0xe00)
						{
							case 0x000:
							default:
								pri1 = 0x080;
								break;
							case 0x200:
								pri1 = 0x004;
								break;
							case 0x400:
								pri1 = 0x002;
								break;
							case 0x600:
								pri1 = 0x001;
								break;
							case 0x800:
								pri1 = 0x100;
								break;
							case 0xa00:
								pri1 = 0x020;
								break;
							case 0xc00:
								pri1 = 0x008;
								break;
							case 0xe00:
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

ADDRESS_MAP_END

UINT32 oric_state::screen_update_oric(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	bool blink_state = m_blink_counter & 0x20;
	m_blink_counter = (m_blink_counter + 1) & 0x3f;

	UINT8 pattr = m_pattr;

	for(int y=0; y<224; y++) {
		// Line attributes and current colors
		UINT8 lattr = 0;
		UINT32 fgcol = m_palette->pen_color(7);
		UINT32 bgcol = m_palette->pen_color(0);

		UINT32 *p = &bitmap.pix32(y);

		for(int x=0; x<40; x++) {
			// Lookup the byte and, if needed, the pattern data
			UINT8 ch, pat;
			if((pattr & PATTR_HIRES) && y < 200)
				ch = pat = m_ram[0xa000 + y*40 + x];

			else {
				ch = m_ram[0xbb80 + (y>>3)*40 + x];
				int off = (lattr & LATTR_DSIZE ? y >> 1 : y ) & 7;
				const UINT8 *base;
				if(pattr & PATTR_HIRES)
					if(lattr & LATTR_ALT)
						base = m_ram + 0x9c00;
					else
						base = m_ram + 0x9800;
				else
					if(lattr & LATTR_ALT)
						base = m_ram + 0xb800;
					else
						base = m_ram + 0xb400;
				pat = base[((ch & 0x7f) << 3) | off];
			}

			// Handle state-chaging attributes
			if(!(ch & 0x60)) {
				pat = 0x00;
				switch(ch & 0x18) {
				case 0x00: fgcol = m_palette->pen_color(ch & 7); break;
				case 0x08: lattr = ch & 7; break;
				case 0x10: bgcol = m_palette->pen_color(ch & 7); break;
				case 0x18: pattr = ch & 7; break;
				}
			}

			// Pick up the colors for the pattern
			UINT32 c_fgcol = fgcol;
			UINT32 c_bgcol = bgcol;

			//    inverse video
			if(ch & 0x80) {
				c_bgcol = c_bgcol ^ 0xffffff;
				c_fgcol = c_fgcol ^ 0xffffff;
			}
			//    blink
			if((lattr & LATTR_BLINK) && blink_state)
				c_fgcol = c_bgcol;

			// Draw the pattern
			*p++ = pat & 0x20 ? c_fgcol : c_bgcol;
			*p++ = pat & 0x10 ? c_fgcol : c_bgcol;
			*p++ = pat & 0x08 ? c_fgcol : c_bgcol;
			*p++ = pat & 0x04 ? c_fgcol : c_bgcol;
			*p++ = pat & 0x02 ? c_fgcol : c_bgcol;
			*p++ = pat & 0x01 ? c_fgcol : c_bgcol;
		}
	}

	m_pattr = pattr;

	return 0;
}

UINT32 galpani3_state::screen_update_galpani3(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	int x,y;
	UINT16* src1;
	UINT32* dst;
	UINT16 pixdata1;
	const pen_t *paldata = machine().pens;

	bitmap.fill(0x0000, cliprect);

//  popmessage("%02x %02x", m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_bright2, m_grap2_1->m_framebuffer_bright2);



	{
		int drawy, drawx;
		for (drawy=0;drawy<512;drawy++)
		{
			UINT16* srcline1 = m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer + ((drawy+m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_scrolly+11)&0x1ff) * 0x200;
			UINT16* srcline2 = m_grap2_1->m_framebuffer + ((drawy+m_grap2_1->m_framebuffer_scrolly+11)&0x1ff) * 0x200;
			UINT16* srcline3 = m_grap2_2->m_framebuffer + ((drawy+m_grap2_2->m_framebuffer_scrolly+11)&0x1ff) * 0x200;

			UINT16*  priline  = m_priority_buffer + ((drawy+m_priority_buffer_scrolly+11)&0x1ff) * 0x200;

			for (drawx=0;drawx<512;drawx++)
			{
				int srcoffs1 = (drawx+m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_scrollx+67)&0x1ff;
				int srcoffs2 = (drawx+m_grap2_1->m_framebuffer_scrollx+67)&0x1ff;
				int srcoffs3 = (drawx+m_grap2_2->m_framebuffer_scrollx+67)&0x1ff;

				int prioffs  = (drawx+m_priority_buffer_scrollx+66)&0x1ff;

				UINT8 dat1 = srcline1[srcoffs1];
				UINT8 dat2 = srcline2[srcoffs2];
				UINT8 dat3 = srcline3[srcoffs3];

				UINT8 pridat = priline[prioffs];

				UINT32* dst = &bitmap.pix32(drawy, drawx);



				// this is all wrong
				if (pridat==0x0f) // relates to the area you've drawn over
				{
					if (dat1 && m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_enable)
					{
						dst[0] = paldata[dat1+0x4000];
					}

					if (dat2 && m_grap2_1->m_framebuffer_enable)
					{
						dst[0] = paldata[dat2+0x4100];
					}

				}
				else if (pridat==0xcf) // the girl
				{
					dst[0] = paldata[0x4300];
				}
				else
				{
					/* this isn't right, but the registers have something to do with
					   alpha / mixing, and bit 0x8000 of the palette is DEFINITELY alpha
					   enable -- see fading in intro */
					if (dat1 && m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_enable)
					{
						UINT16 pen = dat1+0x4000;
						UINT32 pal = paldata[pen];

						if (gp3_is_alpha_pen(pen))
						{
							int r,g,b;
							r = (pal & 0x00ff0000)>>16;
							g = (pal & 0x0000ff00)>>8;
							b = (pal & 0x000000ff)>>0;

							r = (r * m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_bright2) / 0xff;
							g = (g * m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_bright2) / 0xff;
							b = (b * m_grap2_0->m_framebuffer_bright2) / 0xff;

							pal = (r & 0x000000ff)<<16;
							pal |=(g & 0x000000ff)<<8;
							pal |=(b & 0x000000ff)<<0;

							dst[0] = pal;
						}
						else
						{
							dst[0] = pal;
						}
					}

					if (dat2 && m_grap2_1->m_framebuffer_enable)
					{
						UINT16 pen = dat2+0x4100;
						UINT32 pal = paldata[pen];

						if (gp3_is_alpha_pen(pen))
						{
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

UINT32 nubus_m2video_device::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	UINT32 *scanline;
	int x, y;
	UINT8 pixels, *vram;

	vram = m_vram + 0x20;

	switch (m_mode)
	{
		case 0: // 1 bpp?
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
				for (x = 0; x < 640/8; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 128) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<1)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<2)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<3)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<4)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<5)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<6)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<7)&0x80)];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 1: // 2 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
				for (x = 0; x < 640/4; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 256) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels&0xc0)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<2)&0xc0)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<4)&0xc0)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<6)&0xc0)];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 2: // 4 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);

				for (x = 0; x < 640/2; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 512) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels&0xf0)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels&0x0f)<<4)];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 3: // 8 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);

				for (x = 0; x < 640; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[pixels];
				}
			}
			break;

		default:
			fatalerror("m2video: unknown video mode %d\n", m_mode);
	}
	return 0;
}

void bt459_device::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect, u8 *pixel_data)
{
	// initialise the blink timer
	if (m_blink_start > screen.frame_number())
		m_blink_start = screen.frame_number();

	// compute the blink state according to the programmed duty cycle
	const bool blink_state = ((screen.frame_number() - m_blink_start) & (
		(m_command_0 & CR0302) == CR0302_1616 ? 0x10 :
		(m_command_0 & CR0302) == CR0302_3232 ? 0x20 :
		(m_command_0 & CR0302) == CR0302_6464 ? 0x40 : 0x30)) == 0;

	// compute the pixel mask from the pixel read mask and blink mask/state
	const u8 pixel_mask = m_pixel_read_mask & (blink_state ? 0xffU : ~m_pixel_blink_mask);

	// draw visible pixel data
	switch (m_command_0 & CR0100)
	{
	case CR0100_1BPP:
		for (int y = screen.visible_area().min_y; y <= screen.visible_area().max_y; y++)
			for (int x = screen.visible_area().min_x; x <= screen.visible_area().max_x; x += 8)
			{
				u8 data = *pixel_data++;

				bitmap.pix(y, x + 7) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 6) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 5) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 4) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 3) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 2) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 1) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask); data >>= 1;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 0) = get_rgb(data & 0x1, pixel_mask);
			}
		break;

	case CR0100_2BPP:
		for (int y = screen.visible_area().min_y; y <= screen.visible_area().max_y; y++)
			for (int x = screen.visible_area().min_x; x <= screen.visible_area().max_x; x += 4)
			{
				u8 data = *pixel_data++;

				bitmap.pix(y, x + 3) = get_rgb(data & 0x3, pixel_mask); data >>= 2;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 2) = get_rgb(data & 0x3, pixel_mask); data >>= 2;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 1) = get_rgb(data & 0x3, pixel_mask); data >>= 2;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 0) = get_rgb(data & 0x3, pixel_mask);
			}
		break;

	case CR0100_4BPP:
		for (int y = screen.visible_area().min_y; y <= screen.visible_area().max_y; y++)
			for (int x = screen.visible_area().min_x; x <= screen.visible_area().max_x; x += 2)
			{
				u8 data = *pixel_data++;

				bitmap.pix(y, x + 1) = get_rgb(data & 0x7, pixel_mask); data >>= 4;
				bitmap.pix(y, x + 0) = get_rgb(data & 0x7, pixel_mask);
			}
		break;

	case CR0100_8BPP:
		for (int y = screen.visible_area().min_y; y <= screen.visible_area().max_y; y++)
			for (int x = screen.visible_area().min_x; x <= screen.visible_area().max_x; x++)
				bitmap.pix(y, x) = get_rgb(*pixel_data++, pixel_mask);
		break;
	}

	// draw cursors when visible and not blinked off
	if ((m_cursor_command & (CR47 | CR46 | CR45 | CR44)) && ((m_cursor_command & CR40) == 0 || blink_state))
	{
		// get 64x64 bitmap and cross hair cursor plane enable
		const u8 bm_cursor_enable = (m_cursor_command & (CR47 | CR46)) >> 6;
		const u8 ch_cursor_enable = (m_cursor_command & (CR45 | CR44)) >> 4;

		// get cross hair cursor half thickness
		const int ch_thickness = (m_cursor_command & CR4241) >> 1;

		/*
		 * The cursor (x) value to be written is calculated as follows:
		 *
		 *   Cx = desired display screen (x) position + H - P
		 *
		 * where
		 *
		 *   P = 37 if 1:1 input multiplexing, 52 if 4:1 input multiplexing,
		 *       57 if 5:1 input multiplexing
		 *   H = number of pixels between the first rising edge of LD*
		 *       following the falling edge of HSYNC* to active video
		 *
		 * The cursor (y) value to be written is calculated as follows:
		 *
		 *   Cy = desired display screen (y) position + V - 32
		 *
		 * where
		 *
		 *   V = number of scan lines from the second sync pulse during
		 *       vertical blanking to active video
		 *
		 * Values from $0FC0 (-64) to $0FBF (+4031) may be loaded into the
		 * cursor (y) register. The negative values ($0FC0 to $0FFF) are used
		 * in situations where V < 32, and the cursor must be moved off the
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

UINT32 aristmk6_state::screen_update_aristmk6(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{

	int x,y,count;
	const UINT8 *blit_ram = memregion("maincpu")->base();

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_Z))
		m_test_x++;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_X))
		m_test_x--;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_A))
		m_test_y++;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_S))
		m_test_y--;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_Q))
		m_start_offs+=0x2000;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_W))
		m_start_offs-=0x2000;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_E))
		m_start_offs++;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed(KEYCODE_R))
		m_start_offs--;

	if(machine().input().code_pressed_once(KEYCODE_L))
		m_type^=1;

	popmessage("%d %d %04x %d",m_test_x,m_test_y,m_start_offs,m_type);

	bitmap.fill(get_black_pen(machine()), cliprect);

	count = (m_start_offs);

	for(y=0;y<m_test_y;y++)
	{
		for(x=0;x<m_test_x;x++)
		{
			if(m_type)
			{
				UINT16 vram;
				int r,g,b;

				vram = blit_ram[count+0] | blit_ram[count+1]<<8;

				r = (vram & 0x001f)>>0;
				g = (vram & 0x07e0)>>5;
				b = (vram & 0xf800)>>11;

				r = (r << 3) | (r & 0x7);
				g = (g << 2) | (g & 3);
				b = (b << 3) | (b & 0x7);

				if(cliprect.contains(x, y))
					bitmap.pix32(y, x) = r | g<<8 | b<<16;

				count+=2;
			}
			else
			{
				UINT8 color;

				color = blit_ram[count];

				if(cliprect.contains(x, y))
					bitmap.pix32(y, x) = machine().pens[color];

				count++;
			}
		}
	}

UINT32 nubus_cb264se30_device::screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect)
{
	UINT32 *scanline;
	int x, y;
	UINT8 pixels, *vram;

	vram = &m_vram[8*1024];

	switch (m_mode)
	{
		case 0: // 1 bpp?
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
				for (x = 0; x < 640/8; x++)
				{
					pixels = vram[(y * 1024) + (BYTE4_XOR_BE(x))];

					*scanline++ = m_palette[(pixels&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<1)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<2)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<3)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<4)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<5)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<6)&0x80)];
					*scanline++ = m_palette[((pixels<<7)&0x80)];
				}
			}
			break;

		case 1: // 2 bpp
			for (y = 0; y < 480; y++)
			{
				scanline = &bitmap.pix32(y);
				for (x = 0; x < 640/4; x++)
				{
					pixels =