CentOS+Nginx+PHP+Mysql(2)(转)

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[利用yum命令配置、升级所需程序库]

# sudo -s
# LANG=C
# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel
↑安装、升级这些程序库

[下载环境所需文件到指定目录]

# mkdir -p /software
↑ 在根目录建立software文件夹
# cd /software
↑ 进入software文件夹
# wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.7.19.tar.gz
# wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.6.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
# wget http://php-fpm.anight.org/downloads/head/php-5.2.6-fpm-0.5.9.diff.gz
# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/mysql/mysql-5.1.26-rc.tar.gz
# wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
# wget http://mirror.optus.net/sourceforge/m/mc/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
# wget http://mirror.optus.net/sourceforge/m/mc/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
# wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.3.tgz
# wget http://mirror.optus.net/sourceforge/m/mh/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
# wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-7.7.tar.gz
# wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.5.3/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
↑ 下载这些文件到software目录

[编译安装PHP 5.2.6所需的支持库]

# tar zxvf libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
↑ 解压(tar) 参数(zxvf) 文件名(libiconv-1.12.tar.gz)
# cd libiconv-1.12/
↑ 进入解压出来的文件的文件夹(libiconv-1.12)
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
↑ 配置安装信息指定安装目录为/usr/local
# make
↑ make安装文件
# make install
↑ 开始安装
# cd ../
↑ 返回上级目录(此处即software目录)

# tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
# cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
# ./configure
# make
# make install
# /sbin/ldconfig
# cd libltdl/
# ./configure --enable-ltdl-install
# make
# make install
# cd http://www.cnblogs.com/

# tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
# cd mhash-0.9.9/
# ./configure
# make
# make install
# cd ../

# cp /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.* /usr/lib
# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2

# tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
# cd mcrypt-2.6.7/
# ./configure
# make
# make install
# cd ../

[编译安装MySQL 5.1.26-rc]

# /usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
↑ 建立mysql用户组
# /usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
↑ 建立mysql用户到mysql用户组中
# tar zxvf mysql-5.1.26-rc.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.1.26-rc/
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile
# make && make install
# chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
# cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf
# cd ../

# /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql --pid-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.pid --skip-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
↑ 以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表

# /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &
↑ 启动MySQL（最后的&表示在后台运行）

[编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）]

# tar zxvf php-5.2.6.tar.gz
# gzip -cd php-5.2.6-fpm-0.5.9.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.6 -p1
# cd php-5.2.6/
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl
# sed -i 's#-lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lcrypt#& -liconv#' Makefile
# make
# make install
# cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
# cd ../

[编译安装PHP5扩展模块]

# tar zxvf memcache-2.2.3.tgz
# cd memcache-2.2.3/
# /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
# ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
# make
# make install
# cd ../

# tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
# cd eaccelerator-0.9.5.3/
# /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
# ./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
# make
# make install
# cd ../

[修改php.ini文件]

手工修改：
# vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
将 " extension_dir = "./" "
修改为 " extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/" "

将 "output_buffering = Off"
修改为 " output_buffering = On "

extension = "memcache.so"
↑ 文件末尾增加此行

自动修改(已使用手动修改的跳过)：
# sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
# sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

[配置eAccelerator加速PHP]

# mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
# vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加入以下配置信息：

[eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="128"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="300"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="120"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
↑ 修改配置文件

将 "kernel.shmmax = **********"
修改为 "kernel.shmmax = 134217728"

# /sbin/sysctl -p
↑ 执行此命令使配置生效

[创建www用户和组]

# /usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
↑ 创建www用户组并指定组ID为48
# /usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
↑ 创建www用户到www用户组中
# mkdir -p /wwwroot
↑ 在根目录中创建wwwroot网站目录
# chmod +w /wwwroot
↑ 给wwwroot目录增加可写权限
# chown -R www:www /wwwroot
↑ 使wwwroot目录所属用户组为www，所属用户为www

[创建php-fpm配置文件]

php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi
# rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
↑ 删除原有php-fpm.conf文件
# vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
↑ 建立新的php-fpm.conf文件并启动vi编辑器编辑该文件
输入以下内容(请注意以下内容中"↑"标志后的内容不能出现在实际文件中)：

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<configuration>

All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix

<section name="global_options">

Pid file
<value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>

Error log file
<value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>

Log level
<value name="log_level">notice</value>

When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
<value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>

... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
<value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>

Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
<value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>

Set to 'no' to debug fpm
<value name="daemonize">yes</value>

</section>

<workers>

<section name="pool">

Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
<value name="name">default</value>

Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
<value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>

<value name="listen_options">

Set listen(2) backlog
<value name="backlog">-1</value>

Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
<value name="owner"></value>
<value name="group"></value>
<value name="mode">0666</value>
</value>

Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
<value name="php_defines">
<value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>
<value name="display_errors">0</value>
↑ 如果安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试，则此处应设置为"1"以显示PHP错误信息，设置为"0" Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页
</value>

Unix user of processes
<value name="user">www</value>

Unix group of processes
<value name="group">www</value>

Process manager settings
<value name="pm">

Sets style of controling worker process count.
Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
<value name="style">static</value>

Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
Used with any pm_style.
<value name="max_children">64</value>
↑ 进程数为64，如果服务器内存大于3GB，可以只开启128-200个进程

Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
<value name="apache_like">

Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
<value name="StartServers">20</value>

Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
<value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>

Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
<value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>

</value>

</value>

The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
'0s' means 'off'
<value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>

The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
'0s' means 'off'
<value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>

The log file for slow requests
<value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>

Set open file desc rlimit
<value name="rlimit_files">51200</value>

Set max core size rlimit
<value name="rlimit_core">0</value>

Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
<value name="chroot"></value>

Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
<value name="chdir"></value>

Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
<value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>

How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
For endless request processing please specify 0
Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
<value name="max_requests">10240</value>

Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
<value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>

Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
<value name="environment">
<value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>
<value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>
<value name="TMP">/tmp</value>
<value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>
<value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>
<value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>
<value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>
<value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>
</value>

</section>

</workers>

</configuration>

[启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的9000端口]

# ulimit -SHn 51200
# /usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start

[安装Nginx所需的pcre库]

# tar zxvf pcre-7.7.tar.gz
# cd pcre-7.7/
# ./configure
# make && make install
# cd ../

[安装Nginx 0.7.19]

# tar zxvf nginx-0.7.19.tar.gz
# cd nginx-0.7.19/
# ./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
# make
# make install
# cd ../

[创建Nginx日志目录]

# mkdir -p /logs
# chmod +w /logs
# chown -R www:www /logs

[创建nginx.conf配置文件]

# rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
# vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
输入以下内容(请注意以下内容中"↑"标志后的内容不能出现在实际文件中)：

user www www;

worker_processes 8;
↑ Nginx每个进程耗费10M~12M内存

error_log /logs/nginx_error.log warn;

pid        /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;

events
{
use epoll;
worker_connections 51200;
}

http
{
include       mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;

#charset gb2312;

server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;

sendfile on;
tcp_nopush     on;

keepalive_timeout 60;

tcp_nodelay on;

fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;

gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers     4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
gzip_vary on;

limit_zone crash $binary_remote_addr 10m;
↑ 定义一个叫“crash”的记录区，总容量为 10M，以变量 $binary_remote_addr 作为会话的判断基准（即一个地址一个会话），当区的大小为 1M 的时候，大约可以记录 32000 个会话信息（一个会话占用 32 bytes）

server
{
listen       80;
server_name 222.17.177.205;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /wwwroot;

#limit_conn   crash 5;
↑ *此处已被#注释掉了，即不起作用*定义整个网站的限制。此处为在"crash"记录区中，以变量 $binary_remote_addr 作为会话的判断基准（即一个地址一个会话），限制网站全局目录，一个会话只能进行5个连接（即一个IP只能发起5个连接，多过5个，一律503错误）

location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}

location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
{
expires      30d;
}

location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
{
expires      1h;
}

location /resource/ {
limit_conn   crash 2;
↑ 定义resource目录的限制。此处为在"crash"记录区中，以变量 $binary_remote_addr 作为会话的判断基准（即一个地址一个会话），限制resource目录，一个会话只能进行2个连接（即一个IP只能发起2个连接，多过2个，一律503错误）
}

log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
access_log /logs/access.log access;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
client_max_body_size 50m;
↑ 网站程序中允许上传的最大size，这里设置成50M，这里只是nginx的限制，PHP本身限制2M
}
}

[创建fcgi.conf配置文件]

# vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
输入以下内容:

fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING       $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT        $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME        $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS    200;

[启动Nginx]

# ulimit -SHn 51200
# /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

[在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置]

修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确：
# /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
如果测试ok successfully，则可以使用下面命令重启Nginx
(第1种)# pkill nginx
# /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
(第2种)# kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
# /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
(第3种)# ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'
# kill -HUP 数字
↑ 此数字来自于上一条命令执行后屏幕输出的数字，即Nginx的pid进程号
# /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

如果屏幕显示以下两行信息，说明配置文件正确：
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully

[配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP + MySQL]

# vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容:
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

[优化Linux内核参数]

# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在文件末尾增加以下内容：

net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000

# /sbin/sysctl -p
↑ 使配置立即生效

[编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本]

# vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
↑ 创建切割脚本

输入以下内容:
#!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00

# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/logs/"

mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
mv ${logs_path}nginx_error.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/nginx_error_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

[设置切割日志的计划任务]