package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
data := []int{1,2,3}
for _,v := range data {
v *= 10 //original item is not changed
}
fmt.Println("data:",data) //prints data: [1 2 3]
}
如果你需要更新原有集合中的数据，使用索引操作符来获得数据。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
data := []int{1,2,3}
for i,_ := range data {
data[i] *= 10
}
fmt.Println("data:",data) //prints data: [10 20 30]
}
如果你的集合保存的是指针，那规则会稍有不同。如果要更新原有记录指向的数据，你依然需要使用索引操作，但你可以使用 for range语句中的第二个值来更新存储在目标位置的数据。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
data := []*struct{num int} {{1},{2},{3}}
for _,v := range data {
v.num *= 10
}
fmt.Println(data[0],data[1],data[2]) //prints &{10} &{20} &{30}
}
package main
import "sync"
type myMutex sync.Mutex
func main() {
var mtx myMutex
mtx.Lock() //error
mtx.Unlock() //error
}
Compile Errors:
/tmp/sandbox106401185/main.go:9: mtx.Lock undefined (type myMutex has no field or method Lock) /tmp/sandbox106401185/main.go:10: mtx.Unlock undefined (type myMutex has no field or method Unlock)
如果你确实需要原有类型的方法，你可以定义一个新的struct类型，用匿名方式把原有类型嵌入其中。
Works:
package main
import "sync"
type myLocker struct {
sync.Mutex
}
func main() {
var lock myLocker
lock.Lock() //ok
lock.Unlock() //ok
}
interface类型的声明也会保留它们的方法集合。
Works:
package main
import "sync"
type myLocker sync.Locker
func main() {
var lock myLocker = new(sync.Mutex)
lock.Lock() //ok
lock.Unlock() //ok
}
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
data := []string{"one","two","three"}
for _,v := range data {
go func() {
fmt.Println(v)
}()
}
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
//goroutines print: three, three, three
}
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
data := []string{"one","two","three"}
for _,v := range data {
vcopy := v //
go func() {
fmt.Println(vcopy)
}()
}
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
//goroutines print: one, two, three
}
另一个解决方法是把当前的迭代变量作为匿名goroutine的参数。
Works:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
data := []string{"one","two","three"}
for _,v := range data {
go func(in string) {
fmt.Println(in)
}(v)
}
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
//goroutines print: one, two, three
}
下面这个陷阱稍微复杂一些的版本。
Incorrect:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
type field struct {
name string
}
func (p *field) print() {
fmt.Println(p.name)
}
func main() {
data := []field{{"one"},{"two"},{"three"}}
for _,v := range data {
go v.print()
}
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
//goroutines print: three, three, three
}
Works:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
type field struct {
name string
}
func (p *field) print() {
fmt.Println(p.name)
}
func main() {
data := []field{{"one"},{"two"},{"three"}}
for _,v := range data {
v := v
go v.print()
}
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
//goroutines print: one, two, three
}
在运行这段代码时你认为会看到什么结果？（原因是什么？）
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
type field struct {
name string
}
func (p *field) print() {
fmt.Println(p.name)
}
func main() {
data := []*field{{"one"},{"two"},{"three"}}
for _,v := range data {
go v.print()
}
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
}
Defer函数调用参数的求值
level: intermediate
被defer的函数的参数会在defer声明时求值（而不是在函数实际执行时）。 Arguments for a deferred function call are evaluated when the defer statement is evaluated (not when the function is actually executing).
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var i int = 1
defer fmt.Println("result =>",func() int { return i * 2 }())
i++
//prints: result => 2 (not ok if you expected 4)
}
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"path/filepath"
)
func main() {
if len(os.Args) != 2 {
os.Exit(-1)
}
start, err := os.Stat(os.Args[1])
if err != nil || !start.IsDir(){
os.Exit(-1)
}
var targets []string
filepath.Walk(os.Args[1], func(fpath string, fi os.FileInfo, err error) error {
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !fi.Mode().IsRegular() {
return nil
}
targets = append(targets,fpath)
return nil
})
for _,target := range targets {
f, err := os.Open(target)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("bad target:",target,"error:",err) //prints error: too many open files
break
}
defer f.Close() //will not be closed at the end of this code block
//do something with the file...
}
}
解决这个问题的一个方法是把代码块写成一个函数。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"path/filepath"
)
func main() {
if len(os.Args) != 2 {
os.Exit(-1)
}
start, err := os.Stat(os.Args[1])
if err != nil || !start.IsDir(){
os.Exit(-1)
}
var targets []string
filepath.Walk(os.Args[1], func(fpath string, fi os.FileInfo, err error) error {
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !fi.Mode().IsRegular() {
return nil
}
targets = append(targets,fpath)
return nil
})
for _,target := range targets {
func() {
f, err := os.Open(target)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("bad target:",target,"error:",err)
return
}
defer f.Close() //ok
//do something with the file...
}()
}
}
另一个方法是去掉 defer语句 :-)
失败的类型断言
level: intermediate
失败的类型断言返回断言声明中使用的目标类型的“零值”。这在与隐藏变量混合时，会发生未知情况。
Incorrect:
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var data interface{} = "great"
if data, ok := data.(int); ok {
fmt.Println("[is an int] value =>",data)
} else {
fmt.Println("[not an int] value =>",data)
//prints: [not an int] value => 0 (not "great")
}
}
Works:
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var data interface{} = "great"
if res, ok := data.(int); ok {
fmt.Println("[is an int] value =>",res)
} else {
fmt.Println("[not an int] value =>",data)
//prints: [not an int] value => great (as expected)
}
}
阻塞的Goroutine和资源泄露
level: intermediate
Rob Pike在2012年的Google I/O大会上所做的“Go Concurrency Patterns”的演讲上，说道过几种基础的并发模式。从一组目标中获取第一个结果就是其中之一。
func First(query string, replicas ...Search) Result {
c := make(chan Result)
searchReplica := func(i int) { c <- replicas[i](query) }
for i := range replicas {
go searchReplica(i)
}
return <-c
}
func First(query string, replicas ...Search) Result {
c := make(chan Result,len(replicas))
searchReplica := func(i int) { c <- replicas[i](query) }
for i := range replicas {
go searchReplica(i)
}
return <-c
}
func First(query string, replicas ...Search) Result {
c := make(chan Result,1)
searchReplica := func(i int) {
select {
case c <- replicas[i](query):
default:
}
}
for i := range replicas {
go searchReplica(i)
}
return <-c
}
你也可以使用特殊的取消channel来终止workers。
func First(query string, replicas ...Search) Result {
c := make(chan Result)
done := make(chan struct{})
defer close(done)
searchReplica := func(i int) {
select {
case c <- replicas[i](query):
case <- done:
}
}
for i := range replicas {
go searchReplica(i)
}
return <-c
}
package main
import "fmt"
type data struct {
name string
}
func (p *data) print() {
fmt.Println("name:",p.name)
}
type printer interface {
print()
}
func main() {
d1 := data{"one"}
d1.print() //ok
var in printer = data{"two"} //error
in.print()
m := map[string]data {"x":data{"three"}}
m["x"].print() //error
}
Compile Errors:
/tmp/sandbox017696142/main.go:21: cannot use data literal (type data) as type printer in assignment: data does not implement printer (print method has pointer receiver)
/tmp/sandbox017696142/main.go:25: cannot call pointer method
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