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在ASP.NETCore中实现一个Tokenbase的身份认证

原作者: [db:作者] 来自: [db:来源] 收藏 邀请

注：本文提到的代码示例下载地址> How to achieve a bearer token authentication and authorization in ASP.NET Core

以前在web端的身份认证都是基于Cookie | Session的身份认证, 在没有更多的终端出现之前，这样做也没有什么问题，
但在Web API时代，你所需要面对的就不止是浏览器了，还有各种客户端，这样就有了一个问题，这些客户端是不知道cookie是什么鬼的。 (cookie其实是浏览器搞出来的小猫腻，用来保持会话的，但HTTP本身是无状态的, 各种客户端能提供的无非也就是HTTP操作的API)

而基于Token的身份认证就是应对这种变化而生的，它更开放，安全性也更高。

基于Token的身份认证有很多种实现方式，但我们这里只使用微软提供的API。

接下来的例子将带领大家完成一个使用微软JwtSecurityTokenHandler完成一个基于beare token的身份认证。

注意：这种文章属于Step by step教程，跟着做才不至于看晕，下载完整代码分析代码结构才有意义。

前期准备

创建项目

在VS中新建项目，项目类型选择ASP.NET Core Web Application(.NET Core), 输入项目名称为CSTokenBaseAuth

Coding

注：添加下面的代码时IDE会报代码错误，这是因为还没有引用对用的包，进入报错的这一行，点击灯泡，加载对应的包就可以了。

（图文无关）

  • 创建一些辅助类

    在项目根目录下创建一个文件夹Auth,并添加RSAKeyHelper.cs以及TokenAuthOption.cs两个文件

    • 在RSAKeyHelper.cs中

      using System.Security.Cryptography;

namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth
{
    public class RSAKeyHelper
    {
        public static RSAParameters GenerateKey()
        {
            using (var key = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(2048))
            {
                return key.ExportParameters(true);
            }
        }
    }
}

    • 在TokenAuthOption.cs中

      using System;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth
{
    public class TokenAuthOption
    {
        public static string Audience { get; } = "ExampleAudience";
        public static string Issuer { get; } = "ExampleIssuer";
        public static RsaSecurityKey Key { get; } = new RsaSecurityKey(RSAKeyHelper.GenerateKey());
        public static SigningCredentials SigningCredentials { get; } = new SigningCredentials(Key, SecurityAlgorithms.RsaSha256Signature);

        public static TimeSpan ExpiresSpan { get; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(20);
    }
}

  • Startup.cs

    在ConfigureServices中添加如下代码：

    services.AddAuthorization(auth =>
{
    auth.AddPolicy("Bearer", new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()
        .AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme‌​)
        .RequireAuthenticatedUser().Build());
});

    完整的代码应该是这样

    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    // Add framework services.
    services.AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry(Configuration);
    // Enable the use of an [Authorize("Bearer")] attribute on methods and classes to protect.
    services.AddAuthorization(auth =>
    {
        auth.AddPolicy("Bearer", new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()
            .AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme‌​)
            .RequireAuthenticatedUser().Build());
    });
    services.AddMvc();
}

    在Configure方法中添加如下代码

    app.UseExceptionHandler(appBuilder => {
    appBuilder.Use(async (context, next) => {
        var error = context.Features[typeof(IExceptionHandlerFeature)] as IExceptionHandlerFeature;
        //when authorization has failed, should retrun a json message to client
        if (error != null && error.Error is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
            context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
            await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
                new { authenticated = false, tokenExpired = true }
            ));
        }
        //when orther error, retrun a error message json to client
        else if (error != null && error.Error != null)
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
            context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
            await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
                new { success = false, error = error.Error.Message }
            ));
        }
        //when no error, do next.
        else await next();
    });
});

    这段代码主要是Handle Error用的，比如当身份认证失败的时候会抛出异常，而这里就是处理这个异常的。

    接下来在相同的方法中添加如下代码，

    app.UseExceptionHandler(appBuilder => {
    appBuilder.Use(async (context, next) => {
        var error = context.Features[typeof(IExceptionHandlerFeature)] as IExceptionHandlerFeature;

        //when authorization has failed, should retrun a json message to client
        if (error != null && error.Error is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
            context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";

            await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
                new { authenticated = false, tokenExpired = true }
            ));
        }
        //when orther error, retrun a error message json to client
        else if (error != null && error.Error != null)
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
            context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
            await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
                new { success = false, error = error.Error.Message }
            ));
        }
        //when no error, do next.
        else await next();
    });
});

    应用JwtBearerAuthentication

    app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication(new JwtBearerOptions {
    TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters {
        IssuerSigningKey = TokenAuthOption.Key,
        ValidAudience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
        ValidIssuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
        ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
        ValidateLifetime = true,
        ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(0)
    }
});

    完整的代码应该是这样

    using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
using CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Diagnostics;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace CSTokenBaseAuth
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                .SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
                .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)
                .AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true);

            if (env.IsEnvironment("Development"))
            {
                // This will push telemetry data through Application Insights pipeline faster, allowing you to view results immediately.
                builder.AddApplicationInsightsSettings(developerMode: true);
            }

            builder.AddEnvironmentVariables();
            Configuration = builder.Build();
        }

        public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; }

        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            // Add framework services.
            services.AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry(Configuration);

            // Enable the use of an [Authorize("Bearer")] attribute on methods and classes to protect.
            services.AddAuthorization(auth =>
            {
                auth.AddPolicy("Bearer", new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()
                    .AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme‌​)
                    .RequireAuthenticatedUser().Build());
            });

            services.AddMvc();
        }

        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
        {
            loggerFactory.AddConsole(Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
            loggerFactory.AddDebug();

            app.UseApplicationInsightsRequestTelemetry();

            app.UseApplicationInsightsExceptionTelemetry();

            #region Handle Exception
            app.UseExceptionHandler(appBuilder => {
                appBuilder.Use(async (context, next) => {
                    var error = context.Features[typeof(IExceptionHandlerFeature)] as IExceptionHandlerFeature;

                    //when authorization has failed, should retrun a json message to client
                    if (error != null && error.Error is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
                    {
                        context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
                        context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";

                        await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
                            new { authenticated = false, tokenExpired = true }
                        ));
                    }
                    //when orther error, retrun a error message json to client
                    else if (error != null && error.Error != null)
                    {
                        context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
                        context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
                        await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
                            new { success = false, error = error.Error.Message }
                        ));
                    }
                    //when no error, do next.
                    else await next();
                });
            });
            #endregion

            #region UseJwtBearerAuthentication
            app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication(new JwtBearerOptions {
                TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters {
                    IssuerSigningKey = TokenAuthOption.Key,
                    ValidAudience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
                    ValidIssuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
                    ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
                    ValidateLifetime = true,
                    ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(0)
                }
            });
            #endregion

            app.UseMvc(routes =>
            {
                routes.MapRoute(
                    name: "default",
                    template: "{controller=Login}/{action=Index}");
            });
        }
    }
}

  • 在Controllers中新建一个Web API Controller Class，命名为TokenAuthController.cs。我们将在这里完成登录授权

    在同文件下添加两个类，分别用来模拟用户模型，以及用户存储，代码应该是这样

    public class User
{
    public Guid ID { get; set; }
    public string Username { get; set; }
    public string Password { get; set; }
}

public static class UserStorage
{
    public static List<User> Users { get; set; } = new List<User> {
        new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user1",Password = "user1psd" },
        new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user2",Password = "user2psd" },
        new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user3",Password = "user3psd" }
    };
}

    接下来在TokenAuthController.cs中添加如下方法

    private string GenerateToken(User user, DateTime expires)
{
    var handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
    
    ClaimsIdentity identity = new ClaimsIdentity(
        new GenericIdentity(user.Username, "TokenAuth"),
        new[] {
            new Claim("ID", user.ID.ToString())
        }
    );

    var securityToken = handler.CreateToken(new SecurityTokenDescriptor
    {
        Issuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
        Audience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
        SigningCredentials = TokenAuthOption.SigningCredentials,
        Subject = identity,
        Expires = expires
    });
    return handler.WriteToken(securityToken);
}

    该方法仅仅只是生成一个Auth Token,接下来我们来添加另外一个方法来调用它

    在相同文件中添加如下代码

    [HttpPost]
public string GetAuthToken(User user)
{
    var existUser = UserStorage.Users.FirstOrDefault(u => u.Username == user.Username && u.Password == user.Password);

    if (existUser != null)
    {
        var requestAt = DateTime.Now;
        var expiresIn = requestAt + TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan;
        var token = GenerateToken(existUser, expiresIn);

        return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new {
            stateCode = 1,
            requertAt = requestAt,
            expiresIn = TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan.TotalSeconds,
            accessToken = token
        });
    }
    else
    {
        return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { stateCode = -1, errors = "Username or password is invalid" });
    }
}

    该文件完整的代码应该是这样

    using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Security.Principal;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth;

namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class TokenAuthController : Controller
    {
        [HttpPost]
        public string GetAuthToken(User user)
        {
            var existUser = UserStorage.Users.FirstOrDefault(u => u.Username == user.Username && u.Password == user.Password);

            if (existUser != null)
            {
                var requestAt = DateTime.Now;
                var expiresIn = requestAt + TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan;
                var token = GenerateToken(existUser, expiresIn);

                return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new {
                    stateCode = 1,
                    requertAt = requestAt,
                    expiresIn = TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan.TotalSeconds,
                    accessToken = token
                });
            }
            else
            {
                return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { stateCode = -1, errors = "Username or password is invalid" });
            }
        }

        private string GenerateToken(User user, DateTime expires)
        {
            var handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
            
            ClaimsIdentity identity = new ClaimsIdentity(
                new GenericIdentity(user.Username, "TokenAuth"),
                new[] {
                    new Claim("ID", user.ID.ToString())
                }
            );

            var securityToken = handler.CreateToken(new SecurityTokenDescriptor
            {
                Issuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
                Audience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
                SigningCredentials = TokenAuthOption.SigningCredentials,
                Subject = identity,
                Expires = expires
            });
            return handler.WriteToken(securityToken);
        }
    }

    public class User
    {
        public Guid ID { get; set; }

        public string Username { get; set; }

        public string Password { get; set; }
    }

    public static class UserStorage
    {
        public static List<User> Users { get; set; } = new List<User> {
            new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user1",Password = "user1psd" },
            new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user2",Password = "user2psd" },
            new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user3",Password = "user3psd" }
        };
    }
}

  • 接下来我们来完成授权验证部分

    在Controllers中新建一个Web API Controller Class，命名为ValuesController.cs

    在其中添加如下代码

    public string Get()
{
    var claimsIdentity = User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;

    var id = claimsIdentity.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "ID").Value;

    return $"Hello! {HttpContext.User.Identity.Name}, your ID is:{id}";
}

    为方法添加装饰属性

    [HttpGet]
[Authorize("Bearer")]

    完整的文件代码应该是这样

    using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using System.Security.Claims;

namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class ValuesController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        [Authorize("Bearer")]
        public string Get()
        {
            var claimsIdentity = User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;

            var id = claimsIdentity.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "ID").Value;

            return $"Hello! {HttpContext.User.Identity.Name}, your ID is:{id}";
        }
    }
}

  • 最后让我们来添加视图

    在Controllers中新建一个Web Controller Class，命名为LoginController.cs

    其中的代码应该是这样

    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Controllers
{
    [Route("[controller]/[action]")]
    public class LoginController : Controller
    {
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }
    }
}

    在项目Views目录下新建一个名为Login的目录，并在其中新建一个Index.cshtml文件。

    代码应该是这个样子

    <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <button id="getToken">getToken</button>
    <button id="requestAPI">requestAPI</button>

    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script>
    <script>
        $(function () {
            var accessToken = undefined;

            $("#getToken").click(function () {
                $.post(
                    "/api/TokenAuth",
                    { Username: "user1", Password: "user1psd" },
                    function (data) {
                        console.log(data);
                        if (data.stateCode == 1)
                        {
                            accessToken = data.accessToken;

                            $.ajaxSetup({
                                headers: { "Authorization": "Bearer " + accessToken }
                            });
                        }
                    },
                    "json"
                );
            })

            $("#requestAPI").click(function () {
                $.get("/api/Values", {}, function (data) {
                    alert(data);
                }, "text");
            })
        })
    </script>
</body>
</html>

最后：完整的代码Sample以及运行手册，请访问：How to achieve a bearer token authentication and authorization in ASP.NET Core

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