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前言 学习C#两个多月了,像当初实习做PHP开发一样,也是由着一个个Feature需求,慢慢掌握了很多相关的编程技巧。本次主要记录下学习C# 多线程的相关知识。
参考书籍:《Csharp高级编程(第7版)》
1.使用线程的原因
不过运行多个线程也要注意一些问题:他们可以同时运行,但是如果线程访问相同的数据,就很容易出问题,必须实现同步机制。 2.理解线程 线程是程序中独立的指令流。C#编写的程序都有一个入口点(即Main()方法),程序从该方法的第一条开始执行,直到方法返回为止。这种程序结构非常适合用于一个有任务序列的程序,但是程序常常需要同时完成多个任务。 这就要用到多个线程,比如Word的拼写检查器的工作原理是这样的:一个线程等待用户输入,另一个线程进行后台搜索,第3个线程将写入的数据保存在临时文件中,第4个线程从Internet上下载其他数据。 理解线程很重要的一点其实是理解线程和进程的关系:
3.创建线程的方式
创建线程的一种简单地方式是定义委托,并异步调用它。委托是方法的类型安全的引用,它使用线程池来完成异步任务。 代码实例: 使用投票的例子,并检查委托是否完成了它的任务。等待异步委托结果的四种方式: (1)轮询 Delegate类提供了BeginInvoke()方法,通过其返回类型IAsyncResult ,可以获取委托的相关信息,并检验它是否完成了任务。只要委托没有完成其任务,程序的主线程就继续执行while循环。 (2)等待句柄 使用与IAsyncResult 相关联的等待句柄。使用AsyncWaitHandle属性可以访问等待句柄,该属性可以返回一个WaitHandle类型的对象,它可以等待委托线程完成其任务。 (3)异步回调 (4)Lambda表达式 using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.Threading; using System.Diagnostics; namespace Wrox.ProCSharp.Threading { class Program { static int TakesAWhile(int data, int ms) { Console.WriteLine("TakesAWhile started"); Thread.Sleep(ms); Console.WriteLine("TakesAWhile completed"); return ++data; } 运行结果:
代码实例: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading; namespace Wrox.ProCSharp.Threading { public class MyThread { private string data; public MyThread(string data) { this.data = data; } public void ThreadMain() { Console.WriteLine("Running in a thread, data: {0}", data); } } public struct Data { public string Message; } class Program { static void Main() { FirstThread(); //var t1 = new Thread(Prio); //t1.Name = "First"; //var t2 = new Thread(Prio); //t2.Name = "Second"; //t1.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest; //t2.Priority = ThreadPriority.Lowest; //t1.Start(); //t2.Start(); //var t1 = new Thread(ThreadMain); //t1.Name = "MyNewThread1"; //t1.IsBackground = true; //t1.Start(); //Console.WriteLine("Main thread ending now..."); //var d = new Data { Message = "Info" }; //var t2 = new Thread(ThreadMainWithParameters); //t2.Start(d); //var obj = new MyThread("info"); //var t3 = new Thread(obj.ThreadMain); //t3.Start(); } static void Prio() { for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name, i); } } static void ThreadMain() { Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} started", Thread.CurrentThread.Name); Thread.Sleep(3000); // Console.WriteLine("Running in the thread {0}, id: {1}.", Thread.CurrentThread.Name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} completed", Thread.CurrentThread.Name); } static void ThreadMainWithParameters(object o) { Data d = (Data)o; Console.WriteLine("Running in a thread, received {0}", d.Message); } static void FirstThread() { new Thread(() => Console.WriteLine("Running in a thread, id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId)).Start(); Console.WriteLine("This is the main thread, id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); } } } 运行结果:
代码实例:
using System; using System.Threading; namespace Wrox.ProCSharp.Threading { class Program { static void Main() { int nWorkerThreads; int nCompletionPortThreads; ThreadPool.GetMaxThreads(out nWorkerThreads, out nCompletionPortThreads); Console.WriteLine("Max worker threads: {0}, I/O completion threads: {1}", nWorkerThreads, nCompletionPortThreads); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(JobForAThread); } Thread.Sleep(3000); } static void JobForAThread(object state) { for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { Console.WriteLine("loop {0}, running inside pooled thread {1}", i, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); Thread.Sleep(50); } } } } 运行结果:
代码实例: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.IO; namespace TaskSamples { class Program { static void Main() { // ParallelDemo(); SimpleTask(); // ContinuationTask(); // ParentAndChild(); // ResultsFromTasks(); Thread.Sleep(5000); //ParentAndChild(); // HierarchyTasks("c:\\"); //Parallel.f //Task t1 = new Task(() => Console.WriteLine("running in a task")); //Task t2 = new Task(() => Console.WriteLine("running in a task")); //for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) //{ // Task t1 = new Task(o => // { // Console.WriteLine("running in a task {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); // Thread.Sleep(500); // Console.WriteLine("still running {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); // }, "data", TaskCreationOptions.None); // // t1.RunSynchronously(); // t1.Start(); //} //Console.WriteLine("start sleep main"); //Thread.Sleep(3000); //Console.WriteLine("main thread"); } static void ResultsFromTasks() { var t1 = new Task<Tuple<int,int>>(TaskWithResult, Tuple.Create<int, int>(8, 3)); t1.Start(); Console.WriteLine(t1.Result); t1.Wait(); Console.WriteLine("result from task: {0} {1}", t1.Result.Item1, t1.Result.Item2); } static Tuple<int, int> TaskWithResult(object division) { Tuple<int, int> div = (Tuple<int, int>)division; int result = div.Item1 / div.Item2; int reminder = div.Item1 % div.Item2; Console.WriteLine("task creates a result..."); return Tuple.Create<int, int>(result, reminder); } static void SimpleTask() { // using task factory TaskFactory tf = new TaskFactory(); Task t1 = tf.StartNew(TaskMethod); // using the task factory via a task Task t2 = Task.Factory.StartNew(TaskMethod); Console.WriteLine(Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); // using Task constructor Task t3 = new Task(TaskMethod); // t3.Start(); t3.RunSynchronously(); Task t4 = new Task(TaskMethod, TaskCreationOptions.PreferFairness); t4.Start(); } static void ContinuationTask() { Task t1 = new Task(DoOnFirst); Task t2 = t1.ContinueWith(DoOnSecond); Task t3 = t1.ContinueWith(DoOnSecond); Task t4 = t2.ContinueWith(DoOnSecond); Task t5 = t1.ContinueWith(DoOnError, TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted); t1.Start(); Thread.Sleep(5000); } static void DoOnFirst() { Console.WriteLine("doing some task {0}", Task.CurrentId); Thread.Sleep(3000); } static void DoOnSecond(Task t) { Console.WriteLine("task {0} finished", t.Id); Console.WriteLine("this task id {0}", Task.CurrentId); Console.WriteLine("do some cleanup"); Thread.Sleep(3000); } static void DoOnError(Task t) { Console.WriteLine("task {0} had an error!", t.Id); Console.WriteLine("my id {0}", Task.CurrentId); Console.WriteLine("do some cleanup"); } static void ParentAndChild() { Task parent = new Task(ParentTask); parent.Start(); Thread.Sleep(2000); Console.WriteLine(parent.Status); Thread.Sleep(4000); Console.WriteLine(parent.Status); } static void ParentTask() { Console.WriteLine("task id {0}", Task.CurrentId); Task child = new Task(ChildTask); // , TaskCreationOptions.DetachedFromParent); child.Start(); Thread.Sleep(1000); Console.WriteLine("parent started child"); // Thread.Sleep(3000); } static void ChildTask() { // Console.WriteLine("task id {0}, parent: {1}", Task.Current.Id, Task.Current.Parent.Id); Console.WriteLine("child"); Thread.Sleep(5000); Console.WriteLine("child finished"); } static void TaskMethod() { Console.WriteLine("running in a task"); Console.WriteLine("Task id: {0} {1}", Task.CurrentId, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); } static void ParallelDemo() { // Parallel.For(0, 5, i => Console.WriteLine(i)); Parallel.For<string>(0, 20, () => "abcd", (x, ls, str) => { Console.WriteLine(x); return "defg"; }, (str) => { Console.WriteLine("action {0}", str); }); ParallelOptions po = new ParallelOptions(); } //static void ParentAndChild() //{ // TaskFactory factory = new TaskFactory(); // var t1 = factory.StartNew(() => // { // Console.WriteLine("parent task {0}", Task.CurrentId); // factory.StartNew(() => // { // Console.WriteLine("child task {0}", Task.CurrentId); // Thread.Sleep(2000); // Console.WriteLine("finished child"); // }, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); // Console.WriteLine("finished parent"); // }); // t1.Wait(); //} } } 运行结果:
代码实例: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace Wrox.ProCSharp.Threading { class Program { static void Main() { //ParallelFor(); //ParallelForeach(); ParallelInvoke(); } static void ParallelInvoke() { //并行运行多个任务:Parallel.Invoke()方法允许传递一个Action委托数组,其中指定应运行的方法 Parallel.Invoke(Foo, Bar); } static void Foo() { Console.WriteLine("foo"); } static void Bar() { Console.WriteLine("bar"); } static void ParallelForeach() { string[] data = {"zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve"}; //异步方式遍历 ParallelLoopResult result = Parallel.ForEach<string>(data, s => { Console.WriteLine(s); }); Parallel.ForEach<string>(data, (s, pls, l) => { Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", s, l); }); } static void ParallelFor() { //ParallelLoopResult result = // Parallel.For(0, 10, i => // { // Console.WriteLine("{0}, task: {1}, thread: {2}", i, // Task.CurrentId, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); // Thread.Sleep(10); // }); //Console.WriteLine(result.IsCompleted); //ParallelLoopResult result = // Parallel.For(10, 40, (int i, ParallelLoopState pls) => // { // Console.WriteLine("i: {0} task {1}", i, Task.CurrentId); // Thread.Sleep(10); // if (i > 15) // pls.Break(); // }); //Console.WriteLine(result.IsCompleted); //Console.WriteLine("lowest break iteration: {0}", result.LowestBreakIteration); Parallel.For<string>(0, 20, () => { // invoked once for each thread Console.WriteLine("init thread {0}, task {1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Task.CurrentId); return String.Format("t{0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); }, (i, pls, str1) => { // invoked for each member Console.WriteLine("body i {0} str1 {1} thread {2} task {3}", i, str1, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Task.CurrentId); Thread.Sleep(10); return String.Format("i {0}", i); }, (str1) => { // final action on each thread Console.WriteLine("finally {0}", str1); }); } } } 运行结果:
代码实例:
ps:在运行书中附带的sample时,报错: 经查证,发现这是由于StartupUri中的内容与窗口名称不一致所导致。 这部分的知识可以参考一篇译文:WPF教程(十)使用App.xaml
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