swift介绍和语言概述

Swift是什么？

Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言，这里引用The Swift Programming Language的原话：

Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.

Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.

Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.

Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.

简单的说：

Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。（估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统）

Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点，且更加强大易用。

Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。

Swift兼具编译语言的高性能（Performance）和脚本语言的交互性（Interactive）。

Swift语言概览

基本概念

注：这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。

Hello, world

类似于脚本语言，下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。

println("Hello, world")

变量与常量

Swift使用var声明变量，let声明常量。

var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42

类型推导

Swift支持类型推导（Type Inference），所以上面的代码不需指定类型，如果需要指定类型：

let explicitDouble : Double = 70

Swift不支持隐式类型转换（Implicitly casting），所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换（Explicitly casting）：

let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let widthLabel = label + String(width)

字符串格式化

Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化：

let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."

数组和字典

Swift使用[]操作符声明数组（array）和字典（dictionary）：

var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"

一般使用初始化器（initializer）语法创建空数组和空字典：

let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()

如果类型信息已知，则可以使用[]声明空数组，使用[:]声明空字典。

控制流

概览

Swift的条件语句包含if和switch，循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while，循环/判断条件不需要括号，但循环/判断体（body）必需括号：

let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
if score > 50 {
teamScore += 3
} else {
teamScore += 1
}
}

可空类型

结合if和let，可以方便的处理可空变量（nullable variable）。对于空值，需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。

var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
optionalString == nil
var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var gretting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
}

灵活的switch

Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作：

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case "cucumber", "watercress":
let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
default:
let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
}

其它循环

for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典：

let interestingNumbers = [
"Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
"Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
"Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
for number in numbers {
if number > largest {
largest = number
}
}
}
largest

while循环和do-while循环：

var n = 2
while

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