short a=2000;
int b;
b=a;

// implicit conversion of classes:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A {};

class B {
public:
  // conversion from A (constructor):
  B (const A& x) {}
  // conversion from A (assignment):
  B& operator= (const A& x) {return *this;}
  // conversion to A (type-cast operator)
  operator A() {return A();}
};

int main ()
{
  A foo;
  B bar = foo;    // calls constructor
  bar = foo;      // calls assignment
  foo = bar;      // calls type-cast operator
  return 0;
}

void fn (B arg) {}

fn(foo)

// explicit:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A {};

class B {
public:
  explicit B (const A& x) {}
  B& operator= (const A& x) {return *this;}
  operator A() {return A();}
};

void fn (B x) {}

int main ()
{
  A foo;
  B bar (foo);
  bar = foo;
  foo = bar;
  
//  fn (foo);  // not allowed for explicit ctor.
  fn (bar);  

  return 0;
}

    
B bar = foo;

foo = bar; //转换函数加上explicit后，这个调用是错误的.

double x = 10.3;
int y;
y = int (x);    // functional notation
y = (int) x;    // c-like cast notation

// class type-casting
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Dummy {
    double i,j;
};

class Addition {
    int x,y;
  public:
    Addition (int a, int b) { x=a; y=b; }
    int result() { return x+y;}
};

int main () {
  Dummy d;
  Addition * padd;
  padd = (Addition*) &d;
  cout << padd->result();
  return 0;
}

padd = (Addition*) &d;

dynamic_cast <new_type> (expression)
reinterpret_cast <new_type> (expression)
static_cast <new_type> (expression)
const_cast <new_type> (expression)

(new_type) expression
new_type (expression)

// dynamic_cast
#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
using namespace std;

class Base { virtual void dummy() {} };
class Derived: public Base { int a; };

int main () {
  try {
    Base * pba = new Derived;
    Base * pbb = new Base;
    Derived * pd;

    pd = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(pba);
    if (pd==0) cout << "Null pointer on first type-cast.\n";

    pd = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(pbb);
    if (pd==0) cout << "Null pointer on second type-cast.\n";

  } catch (exception& e) {cout << "Exception: " << e.what();}
  return 0;
}

Null pointer on second type-cast.

Base * pba = new Derived;
Base * pbb = new Base;

class Base {};
class Derived: public Base {};
Base * a = new Base;
Derived * b = static_cast<Derived*>(a);

class A { /* ... */ };
class B { /* ... */ };
A * a = new A;
B * b = reinterpret_cast<B*>(a);

// const_cast
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void print (char * str)
{
  cout << str << '\n';
}

int main () {
  const char * c = "sample text";
  print ( const_cast<char *> (c) );
  return 0;
}

sample text

typeid (expression)

// typeid
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int * a,b;
  a=0; b=0;
  if (typeid(a) != typeid(b))
  {
    cout << "a and b are of different types:\n";
    cout << "a is: " << typeid(a).name() << '\n';
    cout << "b is: " << typeid(b).name() << '\n';
  }
  return 0;
}

a and b are of different types:
a is: int *
b is: int  

// typeid, polymorphic class
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <exception>
using namespace std;

class Base { virtual void f(){} };
class Derived : public Base {};

int main () {
  try {
    Base* a = new Base;
    Base* b = new Derived;
    cout << "a is: " << typeid(a).name() << '\n';
    cout << "b is: " << typeid(b).name() << '\n';
    cout << "*a is: " << typeid(*a).name() << '\n';
    cout << "*b is: " << typeid(*b).name() << '\n';
  } catch (exception& e) { cout << "Exception: " << e.what() << '\n'; }
  return 0;
}

a is: class Base *
b is: class Base *
*a is: class Base
*b is: class Derived