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1 创建一个向量
在R中可以用函数c()来创建一个向量,例如: > x=c(1,2,3,4) > x [1] 1 2 3 4 2 创建一个矩阵 在R中可以用函数matrix()来创建一个矩阵,应用该函数时需要输入必要的参数值。 > args(matrix) function (data = NA, nrow = 1, ncol = 1, byrow = FALSE, dimnames = NULL) data项为必要的矩阵元素,nrow为行数,ncol为列数,注意nrow与ncol的乘积应为矩阵元素个数,byrow项控制排列元素时是否按行进行,dimnames给定行和列的名称。例如: > matrix(1:12,nrow=3,ncol=4) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6 9 12 > matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 5 9 [2,] 2 6 10 [3,] 3 7 11 [4,] 4 8 12 > matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3,byrow=T) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 2 3 [2,] 4 5 6 [3,] 7 8 9 [4,] 10 11 12 > rowname [1] "r1" "r2" "r3" > colname=c("c1","c2","c3","c4") > colname [1] "c1" "c2" "c3" "c4" > matrix(1:12,nrow=3,ncol=4,dimnames=list(rowname,colname)) c1 c2 c3 c4 r1 1 4 7 10 r2 2 5 8 11 3 矩阵转置 A为m×n矩阵,求A'在R中可用函数t(),例如: > A=matrix(1:12,nrow=3,ncol=4) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6 9 12 > t(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 2 3 [2,] 4 5 6 [3,] 7 8 9 [4,] 10 11 12 若将函数t()作用于一个向量x,则R默认x为列向量,返回结果为一个行向量,例如: > x [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > t(x) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [1,] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > class(x) [1] "integer" > class(t(x)) [1] "matrix" 若想得到一个列向量,可用t(t(x)),例如: > x [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > t(t(x)) [,1] [1,] 1 [2,] 2 [3,] 3 [4,] 4 [5,] 5 [6,] 6 [7,] 7 [8,] 8 [9,] 9 [10,] 10 > y=t(t(x)) > t(t(y)) [,1] [1,] 1 [2,] 2 [3,] 3 [4,] 4 [5,] 5 [6,] 6 [7,] 7 [8,] 8 [9,] 9 [10,] 10 4 矩阵相加减 在R中对同行同列矩阵相加减,可用符号:“+”、“-”,例如: > A=B=matrix(1:12,nrow=3,ncol=4) > A+B [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 8 14 20 [2,] 4 10 16 22 [3,] 6 12 18 24 > A-B [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0 0 0 0 [2,] 0 0 0 0 [3,] 0 0 0 0 5 数与矩阵相乘 A为m×n矩阵,c>0,在R中求cA可用符号:“*”,例如: > c=2 > c*A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 8 14 20 [2,] 4 10 16 22 [3,] 6 12 18 24 6 矩阵相乘 A为m×n矩阵,B为n×k矩阵,在R中求AB可用符号:“%*%”,例如: > A=matrix(1:12,nrow=3,ncol=4) > B=matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3) > A%*%B [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 70 158 246 [2,] 80 184 288 [3,] 90 210 330 若A为n×m矩阵,要得到A'B,可用函数crossprod(),该函数计算结果与t(A)%*%B相同,但是效率更高。例如: > A=matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3) > B=matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3) > t(A)%*%B [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 30 70 110 [2,] 70 174 278 [3,] 110 278 446 > crossprod(A,B) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 30 70 110 [2,] 70 174 278 [3,] 110 278 446 矩阵Hadamard积:若A={aij}m×n, B={bij}m×n, 则矩阵的Hadamard积定义为: A⊙B={aij bij }m×n,R中Hadamard积可以直接运用运算符“*”例如: > A=matrix(1:16,4,4) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 > B=A > A*B [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 25 81 169 [2,] 4 36 100 196 [3,] 9 49 121 225 [4,] 16 64 144 256 R中这两个运算符的区别区加以注意。 7 矩阵对角元素相关运算 例如要取一个方阵的对角元素, > A=matrix(1:16,nrow=4,ncol=4) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 > diag(A) [1] 1 6 11 16 对一个向量应用diag()函数将产生以这个向量为对角元素的对角矩阵,例如: > diag(diag(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 0 0 0 [2,] 0 6 0 0 [3,] 0 0 11 0 [4,] 0 0 0 16 对一个正整数z应用diag()函数将产生以z维单位矩阵,例如: > diag(3) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 0 0 [2,] 0 1 0 [3,] 0 0 1 8 矩阵求逆 矩阵求逆可用函数solve(),应用solve(a, b)运算结果是解线性方程组ax = b,若b缺省,则系统默认为单位矩阵,因此可用其进行矩阵求逆,例如: > a=matrix(rnorm(16),4,4) > a [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1.6986019 0.5239738 0.2332094 0.3174184 [2,] -0.2010667 1.0913013 -1.2093734 0.8096514 [3,] -0.1797628 -0.7573283 0.2864535 1.3679963 [4,] -0.2217916 -0.3754700 0.1696771 -1.2424030 > solve(a) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.9096360 0.54057479 0.7234861 1.3813059 [2,] -0.6464172 -0.91849017 -1.7546836 -2.6957775 [3,] -0.7841661 -1.78780083 -1.5795262 -3.1046207 [4,] -0.0741260 -0.06308603 0.1854137 -0.6607851 > solve (a) %*%a [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1.000000e+00 2.748453e-17 -2.787755e-17 -8.023096e-17 [2,] 1.626303e-19 1.000000e+00 -4.960225e-18 6.977925e-16 [3,] 2.135878e-17 -4.629543e-17 1.000000e+00 6.201636e-17 [4,] 1.866183e-17 1.563962e-17 1.183813e-17 1.000000e+00 9 矩阵的特征值与特征向量 矩阵A的谱分解为A=UΛU',其中Λ是由A的特征值组成的对角矩阵,U的列为A的特征值对应的特征向量,在R中可以用函数eigen()函数得到U和Λ, > args(eigen) function (x, symmetric, only.values = FALSE, EISPACK = FALSE) 其中:x为矩阵,symmetric项指定矩阵x是否为对称矩阵,若不指定,系统将自动检测x是否为对称矩阵。例如: > A=diag(4)+1 > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 1 1 1 [2,] 1 2 1 1 [3,] 1 1 2 1 [4,] 1 1 1 2 > A.eigen=eigen(A,symmetric=T) > A.eigen $values [1] 5 1 1 1 $vectors [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.5 0.8660254 0.000000e+00 0.0000000 [2,] 0.5 -0.2886751 -6.408849e-17 0.8164966 [3,] 0.5 -0.2886751 -7.071068e-01 -0.4082483 [4,] 0.5 -0.2886751 7.071068e-01 -0.4082483 > A.eigen$vectors%*%diag(A.eigen$values)%*%t(A.eigen$vectors) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 1 1 1 [2,] 1 2 1 1 [3,] 1 1 2 1 [4,] 1 1 1 2 > t(A.eigen$vectors)%*%A.eigen$vectors [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1.000000e+00 4.377466e-17 1.626303e-17 -5.095750e-18 [2,] 4.377466e-17 1.000000e+00 -1.694066e-18 6.349359e-18 [3,] 1.626303e-17 -1.694066e-18 1.000000e+00 -1.088268e-16 [4,] -5.095750e-18 6.349359e-18 -1.088268e-16 1.000000e+00 10 矩阵的Choleskey分解 对于正定矩阵A,可对其进行Choleskey分解,即:A=P'P,其中P为上三角矩阵,在R中可以用函数chol()进行Choleskey分解,例如: > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 1 1 1 [2,] 1 2 1 1 [3,] 1 1 2 1 [4,] 1 1 1 2 > chol(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1.414214 0.7071068 0.7071068 0.7071068 [2,] 0.000000 1.2247449 0.4082483 0.4082483 [3,] 0.000000 0.0000000 1.1547005 0.2886751 [4,] 0.000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 1.1180340 > t(chol(A))%*%chol(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 1 1 1 [2,] 1 2 1 1 [3,] 1 1 2 1 [4,] 1 1 1 2 > crossprod(chol(A),chol(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 1 1 1 [2,] 1 2 1 1 [3,] 1 1 2 1 [4,] 1 1 1 2 若矩阵为对称正定矩阵,可以利用Choleskey分解求行列式的值,如: > prod(diag(chol(A))^2) [1] 5 > det(A) [1] 5 若矩阵为对称正定矩阵,可以利用Choleskey分解求矩阵的逆,这时用函数chol2inv(),这种用法更有效。如: > chol2inv(chol(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.8 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 [2,] -0.2 0.8 -0.2 -0.2 [3,] -0.2 -0.2 0.8 -0.2 [4,] -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.8 > solve(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.8 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 [2,] -0.2 0.8 -0.2 -0.2 [3,] -0.2 -0.2 0.8 -0.2 [4,] -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.8 11 矩阵奇异值分解 A为m×n矩阵,rank(A)= r, 可以分解为:A=UDV',其中U'U=V'V=I。在R中可以用函数scd()进行奇异值分解,例如: > A=matrix(1:18,3,6) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [1,] 1 4 7 10 13 16 [2,] 2 5 8 11 14 17 [3,] 3 6 9 12 15 18 > svd(A) $d [1] 4.589453e+01 1.640705e+00 3.627301e-16 $u [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] -0.5290354 0.74394551 0.4082483 [2,] -0.5760715 0.03840487 -0.8164966 [3,] -0.6231077 -0.66713577 0.4082483 $v [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] -0.07736219 -0.7196003 -0.18918124 [2,] -0.19033085 -0.5089325 0.42405898 [3,] -0.30329950 -0.2982646 -0.45330031 [4,] -0.41626816 -0.0875968 -0.01637004 [5,] -0.52923682 0.1230711 0.64231130 [6,] -0.64220548 0.3337389 -0.40751869 > A.svd=svd(A) > A.svd$u%*%diag(A.svd$d)%*%t(A.svd$v) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [1,] 1 4 7 10 13 16 [2,] 2 5 8 11 14 17 [3,] 3 6 9 12 15 18 > t(A.svd$u)%*%A.svd$u [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.000000e+00 -1.169312e-16 -3.016793e-17 [2,] -1.169312e-16 1.000000e+00 -3.678156e-17 [3,] -3.016793e-17 -3.678156e-17 1.000000e+00 > t(A.svd$v)%*%A.svd$v [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.000000e+00 8.248068e-17 -3.903128e-18 [2,] 8.248068e-17 1.000000e+00 -2.103352e-17 [3,] -3.903128e-18 -2.103352e-17 1.000000e+00 12 矩阵QR分解 A为m×n矩阵可以进行QR分解,A=QR,其中:Q'Q=I,在R中可以用函数qr()进行QR分解,例如: > A=matrix(1:16,4,4) > qr(A) $qr [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] -5.4772256 -12.7801930 -2.008316e+01 -2.738613e+01 [2,] 0.3651484 -3.2659863 -6.531973e+00 -9.797959e+00 [3,] 0.5477226 -0.3781696 2.641083e-15 2.056562e-15 [4,] 0.7302967 -0.9124744 8.583032e-01 -2.111449e-16 $rank [1] 2 $qraux [1] 1.182574e+00 1.156135e+00 1.513143e+00 2.111449e-16 $pivot [1] 1 2 3 4 attr(,"class") [1] "qr" rank项返回矩阵的秩,qr项包含了矩阵Q和R的信息,要得到矩阵Q和R,可以用函数qr.Q()和qr.R()作用qr()的返回结果,例如: > qr.R(qr(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] -5.477226 -12.780193 -2.008316e+01 -2.738613e+01 [2,] 0.000000 -3.265986 -6.531973e+00 -9.797959e+00 [3,] 0.000000 0.000000 2.641083e-15 2.056562e-15 [4,] 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000e+00 -2.111449e-16 > qr.Q(qr(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] -0.1825742 -8.164966e-01 -0.4000874 -0.37407225 [2,] -0.3651484 -4.082483e-01 0.2546329 0.79697056 [3,] -0.5477226 -8.131516e-19 0.6909965 -0.47172438 [4,] -0.7302967 4.082483e-01 -0.5455419 0.04882607 > qr.Q(qr(A))%*%qr.R(qr(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 > t(qr.Q(qr(A)))%*%qr.Q(qr(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1.000000e+00 -1.457168e-16 -6.760001e-17 -7.659550e-17 [2,] -1.457168e-16 1.000000e+00 -4.269046e-17 7.011739e-17 [3,] -6.760001e-17 -4.269046e-17 1.000000e+00 -1.596437e-16 [4,] -7.659550e-17 7.011739e-17 -1.596437e-16 1.000000e+00 > qr.X(qr(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 13 矩阵广义逆(Moore-Penrose) n×m矩阵A+称为m×n矩阵A的Moore-Penrose逆,如果它满足下列条件: ① A A+A=A;②A+A A+= A+;③(A A+)H=A A+;④(A+A)H= A+A 在R的MASS包中的函数ginv()可计算矩阵A的Moore-Penrose逆,例如: library(“MASS”) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 > ginv(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] -0.285 -0.1075 0.07 0.2475 [2,] -0.145 -0.0525 0.04 0.1325 [3,] -0.005 0.0025 0.01 0.0175 [4,] 0.135 0.0575 -0.02 -0.0975 验证性质1: > A%*%ginv(A)%*%A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 验证性质2: > ginv(A)%*%A%*%ginv(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] -0.285 -0.1075 0.07 0.2475 [2,] -0.145 -0.0525 0.04 0.1325 [3,] -0.005 0.0025 0.01 0.0175 [4,] 0.135 0.0575 -0.02 -0.0975 验证性质3: > t(A%*%ginv(A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.7 0.4 0.1 -0.2 [2,] 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 [3,] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [4,] -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 > A%*%ginv(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.7 0.4 0.1 -0.2 [2,] 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 [3,] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [4,] -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 验证性质4: > t(ginv(A)%*%A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.7 0.4 0.1 -0.2 [2,] 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 [3,] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [4,] -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 > ginv(A)%*%A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.7 0.4 0.1 -0.2 [2,] 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 [3,] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [4,] -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 14 矩阵Kronecker积 n×m矩阵A与h×k矩阵B的kronecker积为一个nh×mk维矩阵, 在R中kronecker积可以用函数kronecker()来计算,例如: > A=matrix(1:4,2,2) > B=matrix(rep(1,4),2,2) > A [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 3 [2,] 2 4 > B [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 1 [2,] 1 1 > kronecker(A,B) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 1 3 3 [2,] 1 1 3 3 [3,] 2 2 4 4 [4,] 2 2 4 4 15 矩阵的维数 在R中很容易得到一个矩阵的维数,函数dim()将返回一个矩阵的维数,nrow()返回行数,ncol()返回列数,例如: > A=matrix(1:12,3,4) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6 9 12 > nrow(A) [1] 3 > ncol(A) [1] 4 16 矩阵的行和、列和、行平均与列平均 在R中很容易求得一个矩阵的各行的和、平均数与列的和、平均数,例如: > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6 9 12 > rowSums(A) [1] 22 26 30 > rowMeans(A) [1] 5.5 6.5 7.5 > colSums(A) [1] 6 15 24 33 > colMeans(A) [1] 2 5 8 11 上述关于矩阵行和列的操作,还可以使用apply()函数实现。 > args(apply) function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) 其中:x为矩阵,MARGIN用来指定是对行运算还是对列运算,MARGIN=1表示对行运算,MARGIN=2表示对列运算,FUN用来指定运算函数, ...用来给定FUN中需要的其它的参数,例如: > apply(A,1,sum) [1] 22 26 30 > apply(A,1,mean) [1] 5.5 6.5 7.5 > apply(A,2,sum) [1] 6 15 24 33 > apply(A,2,mean) [1] 2 5 8 11 apply()函数功能强大,我们可以对矩阵的行或者列进行其它运算,例如: 计算每一列的方差 > A=matrix(rnorm(100),20,5) > apply(A,2,var) [1] 0.4641787 1.4331070 0.3186012 1.3042711 0.5238485 > apply(A,2,function(x,a)x*a,a=2) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 2 8 14 20 [2,] 4 10 16 22 [3,] 6 12 18 24 注意:apply(A,2,function(x,a)x*a,a=2)与A*2效果相同,此处旨在说明如何应用alpply函数。 17 矩阵X'X的逆 在统计计算中,我们常常需要计算这样矩阵的逆,如OLS估计中求系数矩阵。R中的包“strucchange”提供了有效的计算方法。 > args(solveCrossprod) function (X, method = c("qr", "chol", "solve")) 其中:method指定求逆方法,选用“qr”效率最高,选用“chol”精度最高,选用“slove”与slove(crossprod(x,x))效果相同,例如: > A=matrix(rnorm(16),4,4) > solveCrossprod(A,method="qr") [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.6132102 -0.1543924 -0.2900796 0.2054730 [2,] -0.1543924 0.4779277 0.1859490 -0.2097302 [3,] -0.2900796 0.1859490 0.6931232 -0.3162961 [4,] 0.2054730 -0.2097302 -0.3162961 0.3447627 > solveCrossprod(A,method="chol") [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.6132102 -0.1543924 -0.2900796 0.2054730 [2,] -0.1543924 0.4779277 0.1859490 -0.2097302 [3,] -0.2900796 0.1859490 0.6931232 -0.3162961 [4,] 0.2054730 -0.2097302 -0.3162961 0.3447627 > solveCrossprod(A,method="solve") [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.6132102 -0.1543924 -0.2900796 0.2054730 [2,] -0.1543924 0.4779277 0.1859490 -0.2097302 [3,] -0.2900796 0.1859490 0.6931232 -0.3162961 [4,] 0.2054730 -0.2097302 -0.3162961 0.3447627 > solve(crossprod(A,A)) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 0.6132102 -0.1543924 -0.2900796 0.2054730 [2,] -0.1543924 0.4779277 0.1859490 -0.2097302 [3,] -0.2900796 0.1859490 0.6931232 -0.3162961 [4,] 0.2054730 -0.2097302 -0.3162961 0.3447627 18 取矩阵的上、下三角部分 在R中,我们可以很方便的取到一个矩阵的上、下三角部分的元素,函数lower.tri()和函数upper.tri()提供了有效的方法。 > args(lower.tri) function (x, diag = FALSE) 函数将返回一个逻辑值矩阵,其中下三角部分为真,上三角部分为假,选项diag为真时包含对角元素,为假时不包含对角元素。upper.tri()的效果与之孑然相反。例如: > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 2 6 10 14 [3,] 3 7 11 15 [4,] 4 8 12 16 > lower.tri(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE [2,] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE [3,] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE [4,] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE > lower.tri(A,diag=T) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE [2,] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE [3,] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE [4,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE > upper.tri(A) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE [2,] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE [3,] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE [4,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE > upper.tri(A,diag=T) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE [2,] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE [3,] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE [4,] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE > A[lower.tri(A)]=0 > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 5 9 13 [2,] 0 6 10 14 [3,] 0 0 11 15 [4,] 0 0 0 16 > A[upper.tri(A)]=0 > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 0 0 0 [2,] 2 6 0 0 [3,] 3 7 11 0 [4,] 4 8 12 16 19 backsolve&fowardsolve函数 这两个函数用于解特殊线性方程组,其特殊之处在于系数矩阵为上或下三角。 > args(backsolve) function (r, x, k = ncol(r), upper.tri = TRUE, transpose = FALSE) > args(forwardsolve) function (l, x, k = ncol(l), upper.tri = FALSE, transpose = FALSE) 其中:r或者l为n×n维三角矩阵,x为n×1维向量,对给定不同的upper.tri和transpose的值,方程的形式不同 对于函数backsolve()而言, 例如: > A=matrix(1:9,3,3) > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 4 7 [2,] 2 5 8 [3,] 3 6 9 > x=c(1,2,3) > x [1] 1 2 3 > B=A > B[upper.tri(B)]=0 > B [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 0 0 [2,] 2 5 0 [3,] 3 6 9 > C=A > C[lower.tri(C)]=0 > C [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 4 7 [2,] 0 5 8 [3,] 0 0 9 > backsolve(A,x,upper.tri=T,transpose=T) [1] 1.00000000 -0.40000000 -0.08888889 > solve(t(C),x) [1] 1.00000000 -0.40000000 -0.08888889 > backsolve(A,x,upper.tri=T,transpose=F) [1] -0.8000000 -0.1333333 0.3333333 > solve(C,x) [1] -0.8000000 -0.1333333 0.3333333 > backsolve(A,x,upper.tri=F,transpose=T) [1] 1.111307e-17 2.220446e-17 3.333333e-01 > solve(t(B),x) [1] 1.110223e-17 2.220446e-17 3.333333e-01 > backsolve(A,x,upper.tri=F,transpose=F) [1] 1 0 0 > solve(B,x) [1] 1.000000e+00 -1.540744e-33 -1.850372e-17 对于函数forwardsolve()而言, 例如: > A [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 4 7 [2,] 2 5 8 [3,] 3 6 9 > B [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 0 0 [2,] 2 5 0 [3,] 3 6 9 > C [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 4 7 [2,] 0 5 8 [3,] 0 0 9 > x [1] 1 2 3 > forwardsolve(A,x,upper.tri=T,transpose=T) [1] 1.00000000 -0.40000000 -0.08888889 > solve(t(C),x) [1] 1.00000000 -0.40000000 -0.08888889 > forwardsolve(A,x,upper.tri=T,transpose=F) [1] -0.8000000 -0.1333333 0.3333333 > solve(C,x) [1] -0.8000000 -0.1333333 0.3333333 > forwardsolve(A,x,upper.tri=F,transpose=T) [1] 1.111307e-17 2.220446e-17 3.333333e-01 > solve(t(B),x) [1] 1.110223e-17 2.220446e-17 3.333333e-01 > forwardsolve(A,x,upper.tri=F,transpose=F) [1] 1 0 0 > solve(B,x) [1] 1.000000e+00 -1.540744e-33 -1.850372e-17 20 row()与col()函数 在R中定义了的这两个函数用于取矩阵元素的行或列下标矩阵,例如矩阵A={aij}m×n, row()函数将返回一个与矩阵A有相同维数的矩阵,该矩阵的第i行第j列元素为i,函数col()类似。例如: > x=matrix(1:12,3,4) > row(x) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 1 1 1 [2,] 2 2 2 2 [3,] 3 3 3 3 > col(x) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 2 3 4 [2,] 1 2 3 4 [3,] 1 2 3 4 这两个函数同样可以用于取一个矩阵的上下三角矩阵,例如: > x [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6 9 12 > x[row(x)<col(x)]=0 > x [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 0 0 0 [2,] 2 5 0 0 [3,] 3 6 9 0 > x=matrix(1:12,3,4) > x[row(x)>col(x)]=0 > x [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 0 5 8 11 [3,] 0 0 9 12 21 行列式的值 在R中,函数det(x)将计算方阵x的行列式的值,例如: > x=matrix(rnorm(16),4,4) > x [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] -1.0736375 0.2809563 -1.5796854 0.51810378 [2,] -1.6229898 -0.4175977 1.2038194 -0.06394986 [3,] -0.3989073 -0.8368334 -0.6374909 -0.23657088 [4,] 1.9413061 0.8338065 -1.5877162 -1.30568465 > det(x) [1] 5.717667 22向量化算子 在R中可以很容易的实现向量化算子,例如: vec<-function (x){
t(t(as.vector(x))) } vech<-function (x){ t(x[lower.tri(x,diag=T)]) } > x=matrix(1:12,3,4) > x [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6 9 12 > vec(x) [,1] [1,] 1 [2,] 2 [3,] 3 [4,] 4 [5,] 5 [6,] 6 [7,] 7 [8,] 8 [9,] 9 [10,] 10 [11,] 11 [12,] 12 > vech(x) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [1,] 1 2 3 5 6 9 23 时间序列的滞后值 在时间序列分析中,我们常常要用到一个序列的滞后序列,R中的包“fMultivar”中的函数tslag()提供了这个功能。 > args(tslag) function (x, k = 1, trim = FALSE) 其中:x为一个向量,k指定滞后阶数,可以是一个自然数列,若trim为假,则返回序列与原序列长度相同,但含有NA值;若trim项为真,则返回序列中不含有NA值,例如: > x=1:20 > tslag(x,1:4,trim=F) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] NA NA NA NA [2,] 1 NA NA NA [3,] 2 1 NA NA [4,] 3 2 1 NA [5,] 4 3 2 1 [6,] 5 4 3 2 [7,] 6 5 4 3 [8,] 7 6 5 4 [9,] 8 7 6 5 [10,] 9 8 7 6 [11,] 10 9 8 7 [12,] 11 10 9 8 [13,] 12 11 10 9 [14,] 13 12 11 10 [15,] 14 13 12 11 [16,] 15 14 13 12 [17,] 16 15 14 13 [18,] 17 16 15 14 [19,] 18 17 16 15 [20,] 19 18 17 16 > tslag(x,1:4,trim=T) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [1,] 4 3 2 1 [2,] 5 4 3 2 [3,] 6 5 4 3 [4,] 7 6 5 4 [5,] 8 7 6 5 [6,] 9 8 7 6 [7,] 10 9 8 7 [8,] 11 10 9 8 [9,] 12 11 10 9 [10,] 13 12 11 10 [11,] 14 13 12 11 [12,] 15 14 13 12 [13,] 16 15 14 13 [14,] 17 16 15 14 [15,] 18 17 16 15 [16,] 19 18 17 16 |
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