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拓端tecdat|R语言大数据分析纽约市的311万条投诉统计可视化与时间序列分析 ...

原作者: [db:作者] 来自: [db:来源] 收藏 邀请

原文链接:http://tecdat.cn/?p=9800

 


 

介绍

 

本文并不表示R在数据分析方面比Python更好或更快速,我本人每天都使用两种语言。这篇文章只是提供了比较这两种语言的机会。

本文中的  数据  每天都会更新,我的文件版本更大,为4.63 GB。


CSV文件包含纽约市的311条投诉。它是纽约市开放数据门户网站中最受欢迎的数据集。

 

数据工作流程

 

install.packages("devtools")
library("devtools")
install_github("ropensci/plotly")
library(plotly)

需要创建一个帐户以连接到plotly API。或者,可以只使用默认的ggplot2图形。

 
set_credentials_file("DemoAccount", "lr1c37zw81") ## Replace contents with your API Key

 

 

使用dplyr在R中进行分析

 

假设已安装sqlite3(因此可通过终端访问)。

$ sqlite3 data.db # Create your database
$.databases       # Show databases to make sure it works
$.mode csv        
$.import <filename> <tablename>
# Where filename is the name of the csv & tablename is the name of the new database table
$.quit 

将数据加载到内存中。

 
library(readr)
# data.table, selecting a subset of columns
time_data.table <- system.time(fread(\'/users/ryankelly/NYC_data.csv\', 
                   select = c(\'Agency\', \'Created Date\',\'Closed Date\', \'Complaint Type\', \'Descriptor\', \'City\'), 
                   showProgress = T))
kable(data.frame(rbind(time_data.table, time_data.table_full, time_readr)))
 user.selfsys.selfelapseduser.childsys.child
time_data.table 63.588 1.952 65.633 0 0
time_data.table_full 205.571 3.124 208.880 0 0
time_readr 277.720 5.018 283.029 0 0

我将使用data.table读取数据。该 fread 函数大大提高了读取速度。

关于dplyr

 

默认情况下,dplyr查询只会从数据库中提取前10行。

library(dplyr)      ## Will be used for pandas replacement

# Connect to the database
db <- src_sqlite(\'/users/ryankelly/data.db\')
db

 

数据处理的两个最佳选择(除了R之外)是:

  • 数据表
  • dplyr

预览数据

 

# Wrapped in a function for display purposes
head_ <- function(x, n = 5) kable(head(x, n))

head_(data)
AgencyCreatedDateClosedDateComplaintTypeDescriptorCity
NYPD 04/11/2015 02:13:04 AM   Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party BROOKLYN
DFTA 04/11/2015 02:12:05 AM   Senior Center Complaint N/A ELMHURST
NYPD 04/11/2015 02:11:46 AM   Noise - Commercial Loud Music/Party JAMAICA
NYPD 04/11/2015 02:11:02 AM   Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking BROOKLYN
NYPD 04/11/2015 02:10:45 AM   Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NEW YORK

 

选择几列

 
ComplaintTypeDescriptorAgency
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Senior Center Complaint N/A DFTA
Noise - Commercial Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD

 

 

 
ComplaintTypeDescriptorAgency
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Senior Center Complaint N/A DFTA
Noise - Commercial Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD
Noise - Commercial Loud Music/Party NYPD
HPD Literature Request The ABCs of Housing - Spanish HPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD
Street Condition Plate Condition - Noisy DOT

 

使用WHERE过滤行

 
ComplaintTypeDescriptorAgency
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Commercial Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD

 

使用WHERE和IN过滤列中的多个值

 
ComplaintTypeDescriptorAgency
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Commercial Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Music/Party NYPD
Noise - Street/Sidewalk Loud Talking NYPD

 

在DISTINCT列中查找唯一值

##       City
## 1 BROOKLYN
## 2 ELMHURST
## 3  JAMAICA
## 4 NEW YORK
## 5         
## 6  BAYSIDE

 

使用COUNT(*)和GROUP BY查询值计数

 
# dt[, .(No.Complaints = .N), Agency]
#setkey(dt, No.Complaints) # setkey index\'s the data

q <- data %>% select(Agency) %>% group_by(Agency) %>% summarise(No.Complaints = n())
head_(q)
AgencyNo.Complaints
3-1-1 22499
ACS 3
AJC 7
ART 3
CAU 8

 

使用ORDER和-排序结果

 

 

 

数据库中有多少个城市?

# dt[, unique(City)]

q <- data %>% select(City) %>% distinct() %>% summarise(Number.of.Cities = n())
head(q)
##   Number.of.Cities
## 1             1818

让我们来绘制10个最受关注的城市

 

CityNo.Complaints
BROOKLYN 2671085
NEW YORK 1692514
BRONX 1624292
  766378
STATEN ISLAND 437395
JAMAICA 147133
FLUSHING 117669
ASTORIA 90570
Jamaica 67083
RIDGEWOOD 66411

 

 

  • 用  UPPER 转换CITY格式。
CITYNo.Complaints
BROOKLYN 2671085
NEW YORK 1692514
BRONX 1624292
  766378
STATEN ISLAND 437395
JAMAICA 147133
FLUSHING 117669
ASTORIA 90570
JAMAICA 67083
RIDGEWOOD 66411

 

投诉类型(按城市)


# Plot result
plt <- ggplot(q_f, aes(ComplaintType, No.Complaints, fill = CITY)) + 
            geom_bar(stat = \'identity\') + 
            theme_minimal() + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

plt

 

第2部分时间序列运算

提供的数据不适合SQLite的标准日期格式。

在SQL数据库中创建一个新列,然后使用格式化的date语句重新插入数据 创建一个新表并将格式化日期插入原始列名。

使用时间戳字符串过滤SQLite行:YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss

# dt[CreatedDate < \'2014-11-26 23:47:00\' & CreatedDate > \'2014-09-16 23:45:00\', 
#      .(ComplaintType, CreatedDate, City)]

q <- data %>% filter(CreatedDate < "2014-11-26 23:47:00",   CreatedDate > "2014-09-16 23:45:00") %>%
    select(ComplaintType, CreatedDate, City)

head_(q)
ComplaintTypeCreatedDateCity
Noise - Street/Sidewalk 2014-11-12 11:59:56 BRONX
Taxi Complaint 2014-11-12 11:59:40 BROOKLYN
Noise - Commercial 2014-11-12 11:58:53 BROOKLYN
Noise - Commercial 2014-11-12 11:58:26 NEW YORK
Noise - Street/Sidewalk 2014-11-12 11:58:14 NEW YORK

 

使用strftime从时间戳中拉出小时单位

# dt[, hour := strftime(\'%H\', CreatedDate), .(ComplaintType, CreatedDate, City)]

q <- data %>% mutate(hour = strftime(\'%H\', CreatedDate)) %>% 
            select(ComplaintType, CreatedDate, City, hour)

head_(q)

 

ComplaintTypeCreatedDateCityhour
Noise - Street/Sidewalk 2015-11-04 02:13:04 BROOKLYN 02
Senior Center Complaint 2015-11-04 02:12:05 ELMHURST 02
Noise - Commercial 2015-11-04 02:11:46 JAMAICA 02
Noise - Street/Sidewalk 2015-11-04 02:11:02 BROOKLYN 02
Noise - Street/Sidewalk 2015-11-04 02:10:45 NEW YORK 02

 

​​

汇总时间序列

首先,创建一个时间戳记四舍五入到前15分钟间隔的新列

# Using lubridate::new_period()
# dt[, interval := CreatedDate - new_period(900, \'seconds\')][, .(CreatedDate, interval)]

q <- data %>% 
     mutate(interval = sql("datetime((strftime(\'%s\', CreatedDate) / 900) * 900, \'unixepoch\')")) %>%                     
     select(CreatedDate, interval)

head_(q, 10)
CreatedDateinterval
2015-11-04 02:13:04 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:12:05 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:11:46 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:11:02 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:10:45 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:09:07 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:05:47 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:03:43 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:03:29 2015-11-04 02:00:00
2015-11-04 02:02:17 2015-11-04 02:00:00

 

绘制2003年的结果

​​

​​

 

 

 

如果您有任何疑问,请在下面发表评论。 

 


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