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CGI Library
AS OF 10 FEBRUARY 2005 (CGI.pm VERSION 3.06) THIS DOCUMENT IS NO LONGER BEING MAINTAINED. PLEASE CONSULT THE CGI POD DOCUMENTATION USING "perldoc CGI"AbstractThis perl 5 library uses objects to create Web fill-out forms on the fly and to parse their contents. It provides a simple interface for parsing and interpreting query strings passed to CGI scripts. However, it also offers a rich set of functions for creating fill-out forms. Instead of remembering the syntax for HTML form elements, you just make a series of perl function calls. An important fringe benefit of this is that the value of the previous query is used to initialize the form, so that the state of the form is preserved from invocation to invocation.Everything is done through a ``CGI'' object. When you create one of these objects it examines the environment for a query string, parses it, and stores the results. You can then ask the CGI object to return or modify the query values. CGI objects handle POST and GET methods correctly, and correctly distinguish between scripts called from <ISINDEX> documents and form-based documents. In fact you can debug your script from the command line without worrying about setting up environment variables. A script to create a fill-out form that remembers its state each time it's invoked is very easy to write with CGI.pm: #!/usr/local/bin/perl
use CGI qw(:standard);
print header;
print start_html('A Simple Example'),
h1('A Simple Example'),
start_form,
"What's your name? ",textfield('name'),
p,
"What's the combination?",
p,
checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
-values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
-defaults=>['eenie','minie']),
p,
"What's your favorite color? ",
popup_menu(-name=>'color',
-values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),
p,
submit,
end_form,
hr;
if (param()) {
print
"Your name is",em(param('name')),
p,
"The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),
p,
"Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),
hr;
}
print end_html;
Select this link to try the script More scripting examples Source code examples from The Official Guide to CGI.pm
ContentsDownloads
Installation
The current version of the software can always be downloaded from the master copy of this document maintained at http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/. This package requires perl 5.004 or higher. Earlier versions of Perl may work, but CGI.pm has not been tested with them. If you're really stuck, edit the source code to remove the line that says "require 5.004", but don't be surprised if you run into problems. If you are using a Unix system, you should have perl do the installation for you. Move to the directory containing CGI.pm and type the following commands: % perl Makefile.PL % make % make installYou may need to be root to do the last step. This will create two new files in your Perl library. CGI.pm is the main library file. Carp.pm (in the subdirectory "CGI") contains some optional utility routines for writing nicely formatted error messages into your server logs. See the Carp.pm man page for more details. If you get error messages when you try to install, then you are either:
> cd CGI.pm-2.73 > copy CGI.pm C:\Perl\lib > mkdir C:\Perl\lib\CGI > copy CGI\*.pm C:\Perl\lib\CGIModify this recipe if your Perl library has a different location. For Macintosh users, just drag the file named CGI.pm into the folder where your other Perl .pm files are stored. Also drag the subfolder named "CGI". If you do not have sufficient privileges to install into /usr/local/lib/perl5, you can still use CGI.pm. Modify the installation recipe as follows: % perl Makefile.PL INSTALLDIRS=site INSTALLSITELIB=/home/your/private/dir % make % make installReplace /home/your/private/dir with the full path to the directory you want the library placed in. Now preface your CGI scripts with a preamble something like the following: Be sure to replace /home/your/private/dir with the true location of CGI.pm.use lib '/home/your/private/dir'; use CGI; Notes on using CGI.pm in NT and other non-Unix platforms Function-Oriented vs Object-Oriented UseCGI.pm can be used in two distinct modes called function-oriented and object-oriented. In the function-oriented mode, you first import CGI functions into your script's namespace, then call these functions directly. A simple function-oriented script looks like this:
The use operator loads the CGI.pm definitions and imports the ":standard" set of function definitions. We then make calls to various functions such as header(), to generate the HTTP header, start_html(), to produce the top part of an HTML document, h1() to produce a level one header, and so forth.In addition to the standard set, there are many optional sets of less frequently used CGI functions. See Importing CGI Methods for full details.
In the object-oriented mode, you use CGI; without specifying any functions or function sets to import. In this case, you communicate with CGI.pm via a CGI object. The object is created by a call to CGI::new() and encapsulates all the state information about the current CGI transaction, such as values of the CGI parameters passed to your script. Although more verbose, this coding style has the advantage of allowing you to create multiple CGI objects, save their state to disk or to a database, and otherwise manipulate them to achieve neat effects.
The same script written using the object-oriented style looks like this:
The object-oriented mode also has the advantage of consuming somewhat less memory than the function-oriented coding style. This may be of value to users of persistent Perl interpreters such asMany of the code examples below show the object-oriented coding style. Mentally translate them into the function-oriented style if you prefer.
Creating a new CGI objectThe most basic use of CGI.pm is to get at the query parameters submitted to your script. To create a new CGI object that contains the parameters passed to your script, put the following at the top of your perl CGI programs:use CGI; $query = new CGI;In the object-oriented world of Perl 5, this code calls the new() method of the CGI class and stores a new CGI object into the variable named $query. The new() method does all the dirty work of parsing the script parameters and environment variables and stores its results in the new object. You'll now make method calls with this object to get at the parameters, generate form elements, and do other useful things. An alternative form of the new() method allows you to read script parameters from a previously-opened file handle: $query = new CGI(FILEHANDLE)The filehandle can contain a URL-encoded query string, or can be a series of newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs. This is compatible with the save() method. This lets you save the state of a CGI script to a file and reload it later. It's also possible to save the contents of several query objects to the same file, either within a single script or over a period of time. You can then reload the multiple records into an array of query objects with something like this:
You can make simple databases this way, or create a guestbook. If you're a Perl purist, you can pass a reference to the filehandle glob instead of the filehandle name. This is the "official" way to pass filehandles in Perl5:(If you don't know what I'm talking about, then you're not a Perl purist and you needn't worry about it.)my $q = new CGI(\*IN); If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with restore_parameters(). This will (re)initialize the default CGI object from the indicated file handle. open (IN,"test.in") || die; restore_parameters(IN); close IN; You can initialize a CGI object from an associative-array reference. Values can be either single- or multivalued:
You can initialize a CGI object by passing a URL-style query string to the new() method like this:
Or you can clone a CGI object from an existing one. The parameter lists of the clone will be identical, but other fields, such as autoescaping, are not:
$old_query = new CGI; $new_query = new CGI($old_query); This form also allows you to create a CGI object that is initially empty:
If you are using mod_perl, you can initialize a CGI object at any stage of the request by passing the request object to CGI->new: $q = CGI->new($r); To do this with the function-oriented interface, set Apache->request($r) before calling the first CGI function.Finally, you can pass code reference to new() in order to install an upload_hook function that will be called regularly while a long file is being uploaded. See Creating a File Upload Field for details.See advanced techniques for more information. Fetching A List Of Keywords From The Query@keywords = $query->keywordsIf the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the parsed keywords can be obtained with the keywords() method. This method will return the keywords as a perl array. Fetching The Names Of All The Parameters Passed To Your Script@names = $query->paramIf the script was invoked with a parameter list (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method will return the parameter names as a list. For backwards compatibility if the script was invoked as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords. Fetching The Value(s) Of A Named Parameter @values = $query->param('foo');
-or-
$value = $query->param('foo');
Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise the method will return a single value.
If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty string (not undef). This feature is new in 2.63, and was introduced to avoid multiple "undefined value" warnings when running with the -w switch. If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context. Setting The Value(s) Of A Named Parameter $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
-or-
$query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to one or more values. These values will be used to initialize form elements, if you so desire. Note that this is the one way to forcibly change the value of a form field after it has previously been set.
The second example shows an alternative "named parameter" style of function call that is accepted by most of the CGI methods. See Calling CGI functions that Take Multiple Arguments for an explanation of this style. Appending a Parameter$query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists. Otherwise the parameter is created. Deleting a Named Parameter Entirely $query->delete('foo');
This deletes a named parameter entirely. This is useful when you want to reset the value of the parameter so that it isn't passed down between invocations of the script.
Deleting all Parameters$query->delete_all();This deletes all the parameters and leaves you with an empty CGI object. This may be useful to restore all the defaults produced by the form element generating methods. Handling non-URLencoded ArgumentsIf POSTed data is not of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data, then the POSTed data will not be processed, but instead be returned as-is in a parameter named POSTDATA. To retrieve it, use code like this: my $data = $query->param('POSTDATA');
Importing parameters into a namespace $query->import_names('R');
print "Your name is $R::name\n"
print "Your favorite colors are @R::colors\n";
This imports all parameters into the given name space. For example, if there were parameters named 'foo1', 'foo2' and 'foo3', after executing
If you don't specify a name space, this method assumes namespace "Q". An optional second argument to import_names, if present and non-zero, will delete the contents of the namespace before loading it. This may be useful for environments like mod_perl in which the script does not exit after processing a request.Warning: do not import into namespace 'main'. This represents a major security risk, as evil people could then use this feature to redefine central variables such as @INC. CGI.pm will exit with an error if you try to do this. NOTE: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use the param() method insteadto access CGI variables by name.
Direct Access to the Parameter List
If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered by the methods above, you can obtain adirectreference to it by calling the param_fetch() method with the name of the parameter you want. This will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then can manipulate in any way you like.
You may call param_fetch() with the name of the CGI parameter, or with the -name argument, which has the same meaning as elsewhere.Fetching the Parameter List as a Hash
Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar context, itreturns the parameter list as a tied hash reference. Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying CGI parameter list. Called in an list context, it returns the parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows ou to read the contents of the parameter list, but not to change it. When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl module for Perl version 4.If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the :cgi-lib set of function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility). RETRIEVING CGI ERRORSErrors can occur while processing user input, particularly when processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for the existence and nature of errorsusing the cgi_error() function. The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value of the HTTP status: my $error = $q->cgi_error;
if ($error) {
print $q->header(-status=>$error),
$q->start_html('Problems'),
$q->h2('Request not processed'),
$q->strong($error);
exit 0;
}
When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section), errors may only occur the first time you call param(). Be prepared for this! Table of contents
Saving the Current State of a FormSaving the State to a File$query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)This writes the current query out to the file handle of your choice. The file handle must already be open and be writable, but other than that it can point to a file, a socket, a pipe, or whatever. The contents of the form are written out as TAG=VALUE pairs, which can be reloaded with the new() method at some later time. You can write out multiple queries to the same file and later read them into query objects one by one. If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO) interface, the exported name for this method is save_parameters(). See advanced techniques for more information. Saving the State in a Self-Referencing URL$my_url=$query->self_urlThis call returns a URL that, when selected, reinvokes this script with all its state information intact. This is most useful when you want to jump around within a script-generated document using internal anchors, but don't want to disrupt the current contents of the form(s). See advanced techniques for an example. If you'd like to get the URL without the entire query string appended to it, use the $my_self=$query->url Obtaining the Script's URL$full_url = $query->url(); $full_url = $query->url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax $relative_url = $query->url(-relative=>1); $absolute_url = $query->url(-absolute=>1); $url_with_path = $query->url(-path_info=>1); $url_with_path_and_query = $query->url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1); url() returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including host name and port number
http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgiYou can modify this format with the following named arguments:
Mixing POST and URL Parameters $color = $query->url_param('color');
It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The param() method will always return the contents of the POSTed fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL parameters, call the url_param() method. Use it in the same way as param(). The main difference is that it allows you to read the parameters, but not set them.
Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET method, the results will not be what you expect. Calling CGI Functions that Take Multiple ArgumentsIn versions of CGI.pm prior to 2.0, it could get difficult to remember the proper order of arguments in CGI function calls that accepted five or six different arguments. As of 2.0, there's a better way to pass arguments to the various CGI functions. In this style, you pass a series of name=>argument pairs, like this:$field = $query->radio_group(-name=>'OS', -values=>[Unix,Windows,Macintosh], -default=>'Unix');The advantages of this style are that you don't have to remember the exact order of the arguments, and if you leave out a parameter, it will usually default to some reasonable value. If you provide a parameter that the method doesn't recognize, it will usually do something useful with it, such as incorporating it into the HTML tag as an attribute. For example if Netscape decides next week to add a new JUSTIFICATION parameter to the text field tags, you can start using the feature without waiting for a new version of CGI.pm: $field = $query->textfield(-name=>'State', -default=>'gaseous', -justification=>'RIGHT');This will result in an HTML tag that looks like this: <INPUT TYPE="textfield" NAME="State" VALUE="gaseous" JUSTIFICATION="RIGHT">Parameter names are case insensitive: you can use -name, or -Name or -NAME. Actually, CGI.pm only looks for a hyphen in the first parameter. So you can leave it off subsequent parameters if you like. Something to be wary of is the potential that a string constant like "values" will collide with a keyword (and in fact it does!) While Perl usually figures out when you're referring to a function and when you're referring to a string, you probably should put quotation marks around all string constants just to play it safe. HTML/HTTP parameters that contain internal hyphens, such as -Content-language can be passed by putting quotes around them, or by using an underscore for the second hyphen, e.g. -Content_language. The fact that you must use curly {} braces around the attributes passed to functions that create simple HTML tags but don't use them around the arguments passed to all other functions has many people, including myself, confused. As of 2.37b7, the syntax is extended to allow you to use curly braces for all function calls: $field = $query->radio_group({-name=>'OS',
-values=>[Unix,Windows,Macintosh],
-default=>'Unix'});
Table of contentsCreating the HTTP HeaderCreating the Standard Header for a Virtual Document print $query->header('image/gif');
This prints out the required HTTP Content-type: header and the requisite blank line beneath it. If no parameter is specified, it will default to 'text/html'.
An extended form of this method allows you to specify a status code and a message to pass back to the browser: print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif', -status=>'204 No Response');This presents the browser with a status code of 204 (No response). Properly-behaved browsers will take no action, simply remaining on the current page. (This is appropriate for a script that does some processing but doesn't need to display any results, or for a script called when a user clicks on an empty part of a clickable image map.) Several other named parameters are recognized. Here's a contrived example that uses them all: print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif', -status=>'402 Payment Required', -expires=>'+3d', -cookie=>$my_cookie, -charset=>'UTF-7', -attachment=>'foo.gif', -Cost=>'$0.02'); -expiresSome browsers, such as Internet Explorer, cache the output of CGI scripts. Others, such as Netscape Navigator do not. This leads to annoying and inconsistent behavior when going from one browser to another. You can force the behavior to be consistent by using the -expires parameter. When you specify an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the -expires field:+30s 30 seconds from now +10m ten minutes from now +1h one hour from now -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!") now immediately +3M in three months +10y in ten years time Thu, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & dateWhen you use -expires, the script also generates a correct time stamp for the generated document to ensure that your clock and the browser's clock agree. This allows you to create documents that are reliably cached for short periods of time. CGI::expires() is the static function call used internally that turns relative time intervals into HTTP dates. You can call it directly if you wish. -cookieThe -cookie parameter generates a header that tells Netscape browsers to return a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script. HTTP cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve session cookies. The value of this parameter can be either a scalar value or an array reference. You can use the latter to generate multiple cookies. (You can use the alias -cookies for readability.)-nphThe -nph parameter, if set to a non-zero value, will generate a valid header for use in no-parsed-header scripts. For example:You will need to use this if:print $query->header(-nph=>1, -status=>'200 OK', -type=>'text/html');
-charsetThe -charset parameter can be used to control the character set sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a side effect, this calls the charset() method to set the behavior for escapeHTML().-attachmentThe -attachment parameter can be used to turn the page into an attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may have to set the -type to "application/octet-stream".-p3pThe -p3p parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags. For example:In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]); print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa'); P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa" Other header fieldsAny other parameters that you pass to header() will be turned into correctly formatted HTTP header fields, even if they aren't called for in the current HTTP spec. For example, the example that appears a few paragraphs above creates a field that looks like this:Cost: $0.02You can use this to take advantage of new HTTP header fields without waiting for the next release of CGI.pm. Creating the Header for a Redirection Request print $query->redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/the/world');
This generates a redirection request for the remote browser. It will immediately go to the indicated URL. You should exit soon after this. Nothing else will be displayed.
You can add your own headers to this as in the header() method. You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly. An alternative syntax for The -location parameter gives the destination URL. You may also use -uri or -url if you prefer.print $query->redirect(-location=>'http://somewhere.else/', -nph=>1, -status=>301); The -nph parameter, if non-zero tells CGI.pm that this script is running as a no-parsed-header script. See Using NPH Scripts for more information. The -status parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP defines three different possible redirection status codes: 301 Moved Permanently 302 Found 303 See Other The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily." You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or 303 will probably break redirection. The -method parameter tells the browser what method to use for redirection. This is handy if, for example, your script was called from a fill-out form POST operation, but you want to redirect the browser to a static page that requires a GET. All other parameters recognized by the header() method are also valid in redirect. Table of contents HTML ShortcutsCreating an HTML Headernamed parameter style print $query->start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids', -author=>'[email protected]', -base=>'true', -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharoah secret mummy', 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'}, -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'}, -dtd=>1, -BGCOLOR=>'blue'); old style print $query->start_html('Secrets of the Pyramids', '[email protected]','true');This will return a canned HTML header and the opening <BODY> tag. All parameters are optional:
Ending an HTML Documentprint $query->end_htmlThis ends an HTML document by printing the </BODY> </HTML> tags. Other HTML TagsCGI.pm provides shortcut methods for many other HTML tags. All HTML2 tags and the Netscape extensions are supported, as well as the HTML3 and HTML4 tags. Unpaired tags, paired tags, and tags that contain attributes are all supported using a simple syntax.To see the list of HTML tags that are supported, open up the CGI.pm file and look at the functions defined in the %EXPORT_TAGS array. Unpaired TagsUnpaired tags include <P>, <HR> and <BR>. The syntax for creating them is:print $query->hr;This prints out the text "<hr>". Paired TagsPaired tags include <EM>, <I> and the like. The syntax for creating them is: print $query->em("What a silly art exhibit!");
This prints out the text "<em>What a silly art exhibit!</em>".
You can pass as many text arguments as you like: they'll be concatenated together with spaces. This allows you to create nested tags easily: print $query->h3("The",$query->em("silly"),"art exhibit");
This creates the text:
<h3>The <em>silly</em> art exhibit</h3> When used in conjunction with the import facility, the HTML shortcuts can make CGI scripts easier to read. For example: use CGI qw/:standard/;
print h1("Road Guide"),
ol(
li(a({href=>"start.html"},"The beginning")),
li(a({href=>"middle.html"},"The middle")),
li(a({href=>"end.html"},"The end"))
);
Most HTML tags are represented as lowercase function calls. There are a few exceptions:
Tags with AttributesTo add attributes to an HTML tag, simply pass a reference to an associative array as the first argument. The keys and values of the associative array become the names and values of the attributes. For example, here's how to generate an <A> anchor link: use CGI qw/:standard/;
print a({-href=>"bad_art.html"},"Jump to the silly exhibit");
<A HREF="bad_art.html">Jump to the silly exhibit</A>
You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if you prefer:
print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
<IMG ALIGN="LEFT" SRC="fred.gif">
Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered lists can be marked as COMPACT, or you wish to specify that a table has a border with <TABLE BORDER>. The syntax for this is an argument that that points to an undef string:
print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has changed in order to accomodate those who want to create tags of the form <IMG ALT="">. The difference is shown in this table:
Distributive HTML Tags and TablesAll HTML tags are distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a reference to a list, the tag will be distributed across each element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered list:
This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
You can take advantage of this to create HTML tables easily and naturally. Here is some code and the HTML it outputs:<UL> <LI TYPE="disc">Sneezy</LI> <LI TYPE="disc">Doc</LI> <LI TYPE="disc">Sleepy</LI> <LI TYPE="disc">Happy</LI> </UL>
If you want to produce tables programatically, you can do it this way:
Creating FormsGeneral note 1. The various form-creating methods all return strings to the caller. These strings will contain the HTML code that will create the requested form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings. It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags around the form elements.General note 2. The default values that you specify for the forms are only used the first time the script is invoked. If there are already values present in the query string, they are used, even if blank. If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two choices:
General note 4. By popular demand, the text and labels that you provide for form elements are escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, this behavior may interfere with your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á (Á) into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the $query = new CGI; $query->autoEscape(0);You can turn autoescaping back on at any time with $query->autoEscape(1)
General note 5. Some of the form-element generating methods return multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $" global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will not notice this behavior, but beware of this: printf("%s\n",$query->end_form())
end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be printed because the format only expects one value.
Form ElementsUp to table of contentsCreating An Isindex Tagprint $query->isindex($action);isindex() without any arguments returns an <ISINDEX> tag that designates your script as the URL to call. If you want the browser to call a different URL to handle the search, pass isindex() the URL you want to be called. Starting And Ending A Formprint $query->startform($method,$action,$encoding); ...various form stuff... print $query->endform;startform() will return a <FORM> tag with the optional method, action and form encoding that you specify. endform() returns a </FORM> tag. The form encoding supports the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 (and higher) and Internet Explorer 4.0 (and higher). The form encoding tells the browser how to package up the contents of the form in order to transmit it across the Internet. There are two types of encoding that you can specify:
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