python - How to annotate a type that's a class object (instead of a class instance)?

Question

What is the proper way to annotate a function argument that expects a class object instead of an instance of that class?

In the example below, some_class argument is expected to be a type instance (which is a class), but the problem here is that type is too broad:

def construct(some_class: type, related_data:Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
    ...

In the case where some_class expects a specific set of types objects, using type does not help at all. The typing module might be in need of a Class generic that does this:

def construct(some_class: Class[Union[Foo, Bar, Baz]], related_data:Dict[str, Any]) -> Union[Foo, Bar, Baz]:
    ...

In the example above, some_class is the Foo, Bar or Faz class, not an instance of it. It should not matter their positions in the class tree because some_class: Class[Foo] should also be a valid case. Therefore,

# classes are callable, so it is OK
inst = some_class(**related_data)

or

# instances does not have __name__
clsname = some_class.__name__

or

# an operation that only Foo, Bar and Baz can perform.
some_class.a_common_classmethod()

should be OK to mypy, pytype, PyCharm, etc.

How can this be done with current implementation (Python 3.6 or earlier)?

question from:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41417679/how-to-annotate-a-type-thats-a-class-object-instead-of-a-class-instance

Answer 1

To annotate an object that is a class, use typing.Type. For example, this would tell the type checker that some_class is class Foo or any of its subclasses:

from typing import Type
class Foo: ...
class Bar(Foo): ...
class Baz: ...
some_class: Type[Foo]
some_class = Foo # ok
some_class = Bar # ok
some_class = Baz # error
some_class = Foo() # error

Note that Type[Union[Foo, Bar, Baz]] and Union[Type[Foo], Type[Bar], Type[Baz]] are completely equivalent.

If some_class could be any of a number of classes, you may want to make them all inherit from the same base class, and use Type[BaseClass]. Note that the inheritance must be non-virtual for now (mypy support for virtual inheritance is being discussed).

Edited to confirm that Type[Union[... is allowed.