This was resolved for me when I created an app at App Store Connect, which is separate from the steps to create certificates and provisioning profiles in the Apple Developer Portal.
Once I created a new App there and mapped it to the bundle identifier I created in the Apple Developer Portal, I was able to upload the binary.
与恶龙缠斗过久,自身亦成为恶龙;凝视深渊过久,深渊将回以凝视…